{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T21:41:32Z","timestamp":1780609292445,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Background<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Gross efficiency (GE) declines during high-intensity exercise. Increasing extracellular buffer capacity might diminish the decline in GE and thereby improve performance. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Purpose<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> To examine if sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) supplementation diminishes the decline in GE during a 2000-m cycling time trial. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Sixteen male cyclists and 16 female cyclists completed 4 testing sessions including a maximal incremental test, a familiarization trial, and two 2000-m GE tests. The 2000-m GE tests were performed after ingestion of either NaHCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> supplements (0.3\u00a0g\/kg body mass) or placebo supplements (amylum solani, magnesium stearate, and sunflower oil capsules). The GE tests were conducted using a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. Power output, gas exchange, and time to complete the 2000-m time trials were recorded. Capillary blood samples were analyzed for blood bicarbonate, pH, and lactate concentration. Data were analyzed using magnitude-based inference. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> The decrement in GE found after the 2000-m time trial was possibly smaller in the male and female groups after NaHCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> than with placebo ingestion, with the effect in both groups combined being unclear. The effect on performance was likely trivial for males (placebo 164.2 [5.0]\u00a0s, NaHCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> 164.3 [5.0]\u00a0s; \u03940.1; \u00b10.6%), unclear for females (placebo 178.6 [4.8]\u00a0s, NaHCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> 178.0 [4.3]\u00a0s; \u0394\u22120.3; \u00b10.5%), and very likely trivial when effects were combined. Blood bicarbonate, pH, and lactate concentration were substantially elevated from rest to pretest after NaHCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> ingestion. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> NaHCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> supplementation results in an unclear effect on the decrease in GE during high-intensity exercise and in a very likely trivial effect on performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]],"date-time":"2020-01-17T07:37:10Z","timestamp":1579246630000},"page":"741-747","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on the Decline in Gross Efficiency During a 2000-m Cycling Time Trial"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anna E.","family":"Voskamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senna","family":"van den Bos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos J.","family":"de Koning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dionne A.","family":"Noordhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0034","article-title":"The decline in gross efficiency in relation to cycling time-trial length","volume":"10","author":"Noordhof","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2015-0153","article-title":"Guidelines to classify female subject groups in sport-science research","volume":"11","author":"Decroix","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2018.00035","article-title":"Time to optimize supplementation: modifying factors influencing the individual responses to extracellular buffering agents","volume":"5","author":"Heibel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.143834","article-title":"Endurance exercise performance: the physiology of champions","volume":"586","author":"Joyner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0397-5","article-title":"Nutritional strategies to modulate intracellular and extracellular buffering capacity during high-intensity exercise","volume":"45","author":"Lancha Junior","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med Auckl NZ"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","volume":"41","author":"Hopkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2013-0344","article-title":"Changes in technique and efficiency after high-intensity exercise in cross-country skiers","volume":"9","author":"\u00c5san Grasaas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.21.3.189","article-title":"Effect of sodium bicarbonate on [HCO3\u2212], pH, and gastrointestinal symptoms","volume":"21","author":"Carr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"key":"ref391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000043","article-title":"Skeletal muscle fatigue and decreased efficiency: two sides of the same coin?","volume":"43","author":"Grassi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.083840","article-title":"Prior heavy exercise eliminates V\u02d9O2 slow component and reduces efficiency during submaximal exercise in humans","volume":"564","author":"Sahlin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.054841","article-title":"Pattern of developing the performance template","volume":"43","author":"Foster","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref681","article-title":"Variability in competitive performance of elite track cyclists","author":"Flyger","year":"2009","journal-title":"ISBS Conf Proc Arch"},{"key":"ref581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.21.3.189","article-title":"Effect of sodium bicarbonate on [HCO3\u2212], pH, and gastrointestinal symptoms","volume":"21","author":"Carr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"key":"ref331","first-page":"269","article-title":"The effects of acidosis on canine hepatic and renal oxidative phosphorylation","volume":"88","author":"Fry","year":"1980","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3795-6","article-title":"Lactate metabolism: historical context, prior misinterpretations, and current understanding","volume":"118","author":"Ferguson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref291","first-page":"46","article-title":"Spreadsheets for analysis of controlled trials, with adjustment for a subject characteristic","volume":"10","author":"Hopkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sportscience"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001349","article-title":"Increased blood lactate level deteriorates running economy in world class endurance athletes","volume":"30","author":"Hoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.083840","article-title":"Prior heavy exercise eliminates V\u02d9O2 slow component and reduces efficiency during submaximal exercise in humans","volume":"564","author":"Sahlin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2011.589469","article-title":"Nutrition for power sports: middle-distance running, track cycling, rowing, canoeing\/kayaking, and swimming","volume":"29","author":"Stellingwerff","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-017-0101-4","article-title":"The reproducibility of 4-km time trial (TT) performance following individualised sodium bicarbonate supplementation: a randomised controlled trial in trained cyclists","volume":"3","author":"Gough","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2011.589469","article-title":"Nutrition for power sports: middle-distance running, track cycling, rowing, canoeing\/kayaking, and swimming","volume":"29","author":"Stellingwerff","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-019-0177-0","article-title":"A novel ingestion strategy for sodium bicarbonate supplementation in a delayed-release form: a randomised crossover study in trained males","volume":"5","author":"Hilton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"key":"ref541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2017-0429","article-title":"Recovery of cycling gross efficiency after time-trial exercise","volume":"13","author":"Groot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref671","first-page":"51","article-title":"A spreadsheet for combining outcomes from several subject groups","volume":"10","author":"Hopkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sportscience"},{"key":"ref661","first-page":"46","article-title":"Spreadsheets for analysis of controlled trials, with adjustment for a subject characteristic","volume":"10","author":"Hopkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sportscience"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2017.1410875","article-title":"Sodium bicarbonate improves 4 km time trial cycling performance when individualised to time to peak blood bicarbonate in trained male cyclists","volume":"36","author":"Gough","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E225","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00738.2009","article-title":"Sodium bicarbonate ingestion prior to training improves mitochondrial adaptations in rats","volume":"299","author":"Bishop","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0980047","article-title":"Relationship between gastro-intestinal complaints and endotoxaemia, cytokine release and the acute-phase reaction during and after a long-distance triathlon in highly trained men","volume":"98","author":"Jeukendrup","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Scis"},{"key":"ref631","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1497-4","article-title":"The between and within day variation in gross efficiency","volume":"109","author":"Noordhof","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0143086","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143086","article-title":"(In)consistencies in responses to sodium bicarbonate supplementation: a randomised, repeated measures, counterbalanced and double-blind study","volume":"10","author":"Froio de Araujo Dias","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00418458","article-title":"The effects of diet on muscle pH and metabolism during high intensity exercise","volume":"57","author":"Greenhaff","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref701","first-page":"269","article-title":"The effects of acidosis on canine hepatic and renal oxidative phosphorylation","volume":"88","author":"Fry","year":"1980","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref691","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E225","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00738.2009","article-title":"Sodium bicarbonate ingestion prior to training improves mitochondrial adaptations in rats","volume":"299","author":"Bishop","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01132.2001","article-title":"Increased concentrations of P(i) and lactic acid reduce creatine-stimulated respiration in muscle fibers","volume":"92","author":"Walsh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1260\/174795406777641258","article-title":"The physiology of the world record holder for the women\u2019s marathon","volume":"1","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Sports Sci Coach"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200011000-00018","article-title":"Changes in cycling efficiency and performance after endurance exercise","volume":"32","author":"Passfield","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1497-4","article-title":"The between and within day variation in gross efficiency","volume":"109","author":"Noordhof","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref651","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","volume":"41","author":"Hopkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref621","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0980047","article-title":"Relationship between gastro-intestinal complaints and endotoxaemia, cytokine release and the acute-phase reaction during and after a long-distance triathlon in highly trained men","volume":"98","author":"Jeukendrup","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Scis"},{"key":"ref431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2013-0344","article-title":"Changes in technique and efficiency after high-intensity exercise in cross-country skiers","volume":"9","author":"\u00c5san Grasaas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2006.05.023","article-title":"The reliability of the i-STAT clinical portable analyser","volume":"10","author":"Dascombe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0397-5","article-title":"Nutritional strategies to modulate intracellular and extracellular buffering capacity during high-intensity exercise","volume":"45","author":"Lancha Junior","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med Auckl NZ"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000043","article-title":"Skeletal muscle fatigue and decreased efficiency: two sides of the same coin?","volume":"43","author":"Grassi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"ref401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1008-7","article-title":"Efficiency in cycling: a review","volume":"106","author":"Ettema","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1306285","article-title":"Factors affecting gross efficiency in cycling","volume":"33","author":"de Koning","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.2165\/11591440-000000000-00000","article-title":"Effects of acute alkalosis and acidosis on performance","volume":"41","author":"Carr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref611","first-page":"456","article-title":"Acute versus chronic sodium bicarbonate ingestion and anaerobic work and power output","volume":"41","author":"Mc Naughton","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2006.05.023","article-title":"The reliability of the i-STAT clinical portable analyser","volume":"10","author":"Dascombe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"ref301","first-page":"51","article-title":"A spreadsheet for combining outcomes from several subject groups","volume":"10","author":"Hopkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sportscience"},{"key":"ref441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200011000-00018","article-title":"Changes in cycling efficiency and performance after endurance exercise","volume":"32","author":"Passfield","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0143086","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143086","article-title":"(In)consistencies in responses to sodium bicarbonate supplementation: a randomised, repeated measures, counterbalanced and double-blind study","volume":"10","author":"Froio de Araujo Dias","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref501","first-page":"925","article-title":"The sarcolemmal lactate transporter: transmembrane determinants of lactate flux","volume":"23","author":"Da","year":"1991","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref131","first-page":"925","article-title":"The sarcolemmal lactate transporter: transmembrane determinants of lactate flux","volume":"23","author":"Da","year":"1991","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00418458","article-title":"The effects of diet on muscle pH and metabolism during high intensity exercise","volume":"57","author":"Greenhaff","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0034","article-title":"The decline in gross efficiency in relation to cycling time-trial length","volume":"10","author":"Noordhof","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.2.111","article-title":"Guidelines to classify subject groups in sport-science research","volume":"8","author":"Pauw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.143834","article-title":"Endurance exercise performance: the physiology of champions","volume":"586","author":"Joyner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2017.1410875","article-title":"Sodium bicarbonate improves 4 km time trial cycling performance when individualised to time to peak blood bicarbonate in trained male cyclists","volume":"36","author":"Gough","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1260\/174795406777641258","article-title":"The physiology of the world record holder for the women\u2019s marathon","volume":"1","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Sports Sci Coach"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.054841","article-title":"Pattern of developing the performance template","volume":"43","author":"Foster","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-017-0101-4","article-title":"The reproducibility of 4-km time trial (TT) performance following individualised sodium bicarbonate supplementation: a randomised controlled trial in trained cyclists","volume":"3","author":"Gough","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2018.00035","article-title":"Time to optimize supplementation: modifying factors influencing the individual responses to extracellular buffering agents","volume":"5","author":"Heibel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-019-0177-0","article-title":"A novel ingestion strategy for sodium bicarbonate supplementation in a delayed-release form: a randomised crossover study in trained males","volume":"5","author":"Hilton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3795-6","article-title":"Lactate metabolism: historical context, prior misinterpretations, and current understanding","volume":"118","author":"Ferguson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.2.111","article-title":"Guidelines to classify subject groups in sport-science research","volume":"8","author":"Pauw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2017-0429","article-title":"Recovery of cycling gross efficiency after time-trial exercise","volume":"13","author":"Groot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1008-7","article-title":"Efficiency in cycling: a review","volume":"106","author":"Ettema","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1306285","article-title":"Factors affecting gross efficiency in cycling","volume":"33","author":"de Koning","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01132.2001","article-title":"Increased concentrations of P(i) and lactic acid reduce creatine-stimulated respiration in muscle fibers","volume":"92","author":"Walsh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref311","article-title":"Variability in competitive performance of elite track cyclists","author":"Flyger","year":"2009","journal-title":"ISBS Conf Proc Arch"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.2165\/11591440-000000000-00000","article-title":"Effects of acute alkalosis and acidosis on performance","volume":"41","author":"Carr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref241","first-page":"456","article-title":"Acute versus chronic sodium bicarbonate ingestion and anaerobic work and power output","volume":"41","author":"Mc Naughton","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"ref561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2015-0153","article-title":"Guidelines to classify female subject groups in sport-science research","volume":"11","author":"Decroix","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001349","article-title":"Increased blood lactate level deteriorates running economy in world class endurance athletes","volume":"30","author":"Hoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/15\/5\/article-p741.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/15\/5\/article-p741.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T18:29:25Z","timestamp":1652984965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/15\/5\/article-p741.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0177","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-0265","1555-0273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-0265","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-0273","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]}}}