{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T14:37:30Z","timestamp":1781188650951,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"abstract":"The assessment of swimming propulsion should be a cornerstone of Paralympic swimming classification. However, current methods do not objectively account for this component. Purpose<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> To evaluate the swimming propulsion of swimmers with and without physical impairment using a 30-second maximal fully tethered freestyle swim test. Methods<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Tethered forces were recorded during maximal fully tethered swimming in 80 competitive swimmers with (n\u2009=\u200970) and without (n\u2009=\u200910) physical impairment. The relationships between absolute and normalized tether forces and maximal freestyle swim speed were established using general additive models. Results<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Para swimmers with physical impairment had lower absolute and normalized tether forces than able-bodied swimmers, and there were moderate positive correlations found between tether forces and sport class (\u03c4<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.52\u2013.55, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u2009.001). There was a nonlinear relationship between tether force and maximal freestyle swim speed in the participant cohort (adjusted R<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u2009.78\u2013.80, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u2009.001). Para swimmers with limb deficiency showed stronger relationships between tether force and maximal freestyle swim speed (adjusted R<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u2009.78\u2013.82, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u2009.001) than did Para swimmers with hypertonia (adjusted R<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u2009.54\u2013.73, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u2009.001) and impaired muscle power (adjusted R<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u2009.61\u2013.70, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u2009.001). Conclusions<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Physical impairments affect Para swimmers\u2019 tether forces during maximal fully tethered freestyle swimming, explaining a significant proportion of their activity limitation. It is recommended that maximal fully tethered swimming be included in Paralympic swimming classification as an objective assessment of swimming propulsion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T08:27:49Z","timestamp":1583310469000},"page":"816-824","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Maximal Fully Tethered Swim Performance in Para Swimmers With Physical Impairment"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Luke","family":"Hogarth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Burkett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Van de Vliet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Payton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.14198\/jhse.2017.124.20","article-title":"Biomechanical and bioenergetical evaluation of swimmers using fully-tethered swimming: a qualitative review","volume":"12","author":"Amaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hum Sport Exerc"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2018.04.021","article-title":"Establishing the reliability of a novel battery of range of motion tests to enable evidence-based classification in para swimming","volume":"32","author":"Nicholson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000509","article-title":"Tethered swimming can be used to evaluate force contribution for short-distance swimming performance","volume":"28","author":"Morouco","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/563206","article-title":"Relative contribution of arms and legs in 30\u00a0s fully tethered front crawl swimming","volume":"2015","author":"Morouco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref141","first-page":"1","article-title":"A battery of strength tests for evidence-based classification in Para swimming","volume":"37","author":"Hogarth","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000136","article-title":"A descriptive comparison of sprint cycling performance and neuromuscular characteristics in able-bodied athletes and paralympic athletes with cerebral palsy","volume":"94","author":"Runciman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Swimming Science V","author":"Bollens","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2018.01.011","article-title":"Performance characteristics of para swimmers: how effective is the swimming classification system?","volume":"29","author":"Burkett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13229","article-title":"A novel method to guide classification of para swimmers with limb deficiency","volume":"28","author":"Hogarth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.27.2.161","article-title":"Relationship between tethered forces and the four swimming techniques performance","volume":"27","author":"Morouco","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"ref101","first-page":"1126","article-title":"Tethered 3-min all-out test did not predict the traditional critical force parameters in inexperienced swimmers","volume":"57","author":"Kalva","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sport Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"231","article-title":"A tethered swimming test is highly reliable","volume":"6","author":"Kjendlie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Port J Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2015.1123284","article-title":"Numerical and experimental investigations of human swimming motions","volume":"34","author":"Takagi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13229","article-title":"A novel method to guide classification of para swimmers with limb deficiency","volume":"28","author":"Hogarth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s12283-017-0246-x","article-title":"Forces during front crawl swimming at different stroke rates","volume":"21","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Eng"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000136","article-title":"A descriptive comparison of sprint cycling performance and neuromuscular characteristics in able-bodied athletes and paralympic athletes with cerebral palsy","volume":"94","author":"Runciman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.11.015","article-title":"Classifying motor coordination impairment in Para swimmers with brain injury","volume":"22","author":"Hogarth","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"ref441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092192","article-title":"London 2012 Paralympic swimming: passive drag and the classification system","volume":"47","author":"Oh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.27.2.161","article-title":"Relationship between tethered forces and the four swimming techniques performance","volume":"27","author":"Morouco","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"ref491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2018.04.021","article-title":"Establishing the reliability of a novel battery of range of motion tests to enable evidence-based classification in para swimming","volume":"32","author":"Nicholson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199213010-00002","article-title":"Biomechanics of competitive front crawl swimming","volume":"13","author":"Toussaint","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199213010-00002","article-title":"Biomechanics of competitive front crawl swimming","volume":"13","author":"Toussaint","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref291","first-page":"231","article-title":"A tethered swimming test is highly reliable","volume":"6","author":"Kjendlie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Port J Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.11.015","article-title":"Classifying motor coordination impairment in Para swimmers with brain injury","volume":"22","author":"Hogarth","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092192","article-title":"London 2012 Paralympic swimming: passive drag and the classification system","volume":"47","author":"Oh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.915420","article-title":"Changes in force production and stroke parameters of trained able-bodied and unilateral arm-amputee female swimmers during a 30\u00a0s tethered front-crawl swim","volume":"32","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s12283-017-0246-x","article-title":"Forces during front crawl swimming at different stroke rates","volume":"21","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Eng"},{"key":"ref311","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Swimming Science V","author":"Bollens","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1364023","article-title":"Dry-land bilateral hand-force production and swimming performance in paralympic swimmers","volume":"35","author":"Dingley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.14198\/jhse.2017.124.20","article-title":"Biomechanical and bioenergetical evaluation of swimmers using fully-tethered swimming: a qualitative review","volume":"12","author":"Amaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hum Sport Exerc"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-101914","article-title":"Relationships among the tethered 3-min all-out test, MAOD and swimming performance.","volume":"38","author":"Kalva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.065060","article-title":"International Paralympic Committee position stand\u2014background and scientific principles of classification in Paralympic sport","volume":"45","author":"Tweedy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref351","first-page":"1126","article-title":"Tethered 3-min all-out test did not predict the traditional critical force parameters in inexperienced swimmers","volume":"57","author":"Kalva","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sport Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"ref431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.24.2.312","article-title":"Evaluation of adolescent swimmers through a 30-s tethered test","volume":"24","author":"Morouco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci"},{"key":"ref461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12575","article-title":"Paralympic athletes with cerebral palsy display altered pacing strategies in distance-deceived shuttle running trials","volume":"26","author":"Runciman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2018.1443492","article-title":"Comparative study between fully tethered and free swimming at different paces of swimming in front crawl","volume":"18","author":"Samson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Biomech"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2018.1443492","article-title":"Comparative study between fully tethered and free swimming at different paces of swimming in front crawl","volume":"18","author":"Samson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Biomech"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-101914","article-title":"Relationships among the tethered 3-min all-out test, MAOD and swimming performance.","volume":"38","author":"Kalva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2478\/v10078-011-0065-2","article-title":"Associations between dry land strength and power measurements with swimming performance in elite athletes: a pilot study","volume":"29A","author":"Morouco","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hum Kinet"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2015.1123284","article-title":"Numerical and experimental investigations of human swimming motions","volume":"34","author":"Takagi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2018.01.011","article-title":"Performance characteristics of para swimmers: how effective is the swimming classification system?","volume":"29","author":"Burkett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.915420","article-title":"Changes in force production and stroke parameters of trained able-bodied and unilateral arm-amputee female swimmers during a 30\u00a0s tethered front-crawl swim","volume":"32","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000509","article-title":"Tethered swimming can be used to evaluate force contribution for short-distance swimming performance","volume":"28","author":"Morouco","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.065060","article-title":"International Paralympic Committee position stand\u2014background and scientific principles of classification in Paralympic sport","volume":"45","author":"Tweedy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/563206","article-title":"Relative contribution of arms and legs in 30\u00a0s fully tethered front crawl swimming","volume":"2015","author":"Morouco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2478\/v10078-011-0065-2","article-title":"Associations between dry land strength and power measurements with swimming performance in elite athletes: a pilot study","volume":"29A","author":"Morouco","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hum Kinet"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.24.2.312","article-title":"Evaluation of adolescent swimmers through a 30-s tethered test","volume":"24","author":"Morouco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci"},{"key":"ref401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1364023","article-title":"Dry-land bilateral hand-force production and swimming performance in paralympic swimmers","volume":"35","author":"Dingley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref391","first-page":"1","article-title":"A battery of strength tests for evidence-based classification in Para swimming","volume":"37","author":"Hogarth","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12575","article-title":"Paralympic athletes with cerebral palsy display altered pacing strategies in distance-deceived shuttle running trials","volume":"26","author":"Runciman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/15\/6\/article-p816.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/15\/6\/article-p816.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T18:29:00Z","timestamp":1652984940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/15\/6\/article-p816.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0515","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-0265","1555-0273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-0265","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-0273","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]}}}