{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:54:39Z","timestamp":1787316879663,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"abstract":"\n \n Purpose<\/jats:bold>\n :\n <\/jats:italic>\n The risk of exercise-induced endotoxemia is increased in the heat and is primarily attributable to changes in gut permeability resulting in the translocation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) into the circulation. The purpose of this study was to quantify the acute changes in gut permeability and LPS translocation during submaximal continuous and high-intensity interval exercise under heat stress.\n \n Methods<\/jats:bold>\n :\n <\/jats:italic>\n A total of 12 well-trained male runners (age 37 [7]\u00a0y, maximal oxygen uptake [VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max] 61.0 [6.8]\u00a0mL\u00b7min\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n \u00b7kg\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ) undertook 2 treadmill runs of 2\u2009\u00d7\u200915-minutes at 60% and 75% VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max and up to 8\u2009\u00d7\u20091-minutes at 95% VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max in HOT (34\u00b0C, 68% relative humidity) and COOL (18\u00b0C, 57% relative humidity) conditions. Venous blood samples were collected at the baseline, following each running intensity, and 1 hour postexercise. Blood samples were analyzed for markers of intestinal permeability (LPS, LPS binding protein, and intestinal fatty acid\u2013binding protein).\n \n Results<\/jats:bold>\n :\n <\/jats:italic>\n The increase in LPS binding protein following each exercise intensity in the HOT condition was 4% (5.3\u00a0\u03bcg\u00b7mL\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n , 2.4\u20138.4; mean, 95% confidence interval,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001), 32% (4.6\u00a0\u03bcg\u00b7mL\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n , 1.8\u20137.4;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.002), and 30% (3.0\u00a0\u03bcg\u00b7mL\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n , 0.03\u20135.9;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.047) greater than in the COOL condition. LPS was 69% higher than baseline following running at 75% VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max in the HOT condition (0.2 endotoxin units\u00b7mL\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n , 0.1\u20130.4;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.011). Intestinal fatty acid\u2013binding protein increased 43% (2.1\u00a0ng\u00b7mL\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n , 0.1\u20134.2;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.04) 1 hour postexercise in HOT compared with the COOL condition.\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n :\n <\/jats:italic>\n Small increases in LPS concentration during exercise in the heat and subsequent increases in intestinal fatty acid\u2013binding protein and LPS binding protein indicate a capacity to tolerate acute, transient intestinal disturbance in well-trained endurance runners.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,26]],"date-time":"2020-12-26T00:48:01Z","timestamp":1608943681000},"page":"704-710","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Running at Increasing Intensities in the Heat Induces Transient Gut Perturbations"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Alice M.","family":"Wallett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naroa","family":"Etxebarria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole A.","family":"Beard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philo U.","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marijke","family":"Welvaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien D.","family":"P\u00e9riard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"McKune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Pyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"ref621","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1436-4","article-title":"Aerobically trained individuals have greater increases in rectal temperature than untrained ones during exercise in the heat at similar relative intensities","volume":"109","author":"Mora-Rodriguez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.5.2055","article-title":"Influence of aerobic fitness and body fatness on tolerance to uncompensable heat stress","volume":"91","author":"Selkirk","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.1.368","article-title":"Human tolerance to heat strain during exercise: influence of 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fatigue","volume":"119","author":"Osborne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref201","author":"McLellan","year":"Toronto, Canada: Defence Research and Development Canada; 2009","journal-title":"The Importance of Aerobic Fitness in Extending Thermotolerance in Extreme Environments: Connecting Molecular Biology to the Whole Body Response"},{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(69)90037-1","article-title":"Comfort and thermal sensations and associated physiological responses during exercise at various ambient temperatures","volume":"2","author":"Gagge","year":"1969","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002076","article-title":"Cytokine and sclerostin response to high-intensity interval running versus cycling","volume":"51","author":"Kouvelioti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports 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and permeability but not gastrointestinal symptoms","volume":"42","author":"Pugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"ref431","first-page":"114","article-title":"Circulatory endotoxin concentration and cytokine profile in response to exertional-heat stress during a multi-stage ultra-marathon competition","volume":"21","author":"Gill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exerc Immunol Rev"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e318246ee56","article-title":"Influence of aerobic fitness on thermoregulation during exercise in the heat","volume":"40","author":"Mora-Rodriguez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"ref251","article-title":"A retrospective analysis to determine if exercise training\u2010induced thermoregulatory adaptations are mediated by increased fitness or heat acclimation","author":"Ravanelli","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2016-0646","article-title":"Acute high-intensity interval running increases markers of gastrointestinal damage and permeability but not gastrointestinal symptoms","volume":"42","author":"Pugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"ref161","first-page":"533","article-title":"Endotoxaemia in exhausted runners after a long-distance race","volume":"73","author":"Brock-Utne","year":"1988","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-2165-z","article-title":"The role of aerobic fitness and exercise intensity on endurance performance in uncompensable heat stress conditions","volume":"112","author":"P\u00e9riard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref351","first-page":"114","article-title":"Is the GI system built for 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starch increases colonic butyrate concentration but has limited effects on immunity in healthy physically active individuals","volume":"19","author":"West","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exerc Immunol Rev"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002076","article-title":"Cytokine and sclerostin response to high-intensity interval running versus cycling","volume":"51","author":"Kouvelioti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2587-x","article-title":"Gastrointestinal response and endotoxemia during intense exercise in hot and cool environments","volume":"113","author":"Yeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref661","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000049746.29175.3F","article-title":"Reductions in systemic and skeletal muscle blood flow and oxygen delivery limit maximal aerobic capacity in humans","volume":"107","author":"Gonzalez-Alonso","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R611","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00917.2007","article-title":"Mild endotoxemia, NF-kappaB translocation, and cytokine increase during exertional heat stress in trained and untrained individuals","volume":"295","author":"Selkirk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"ref441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22366","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022366","article-title":"Exercise-induced splanchnic hypoperfusion results in gut dysfunction in healthy men","volume":"6","author":"van Wijck","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2982.1999.00169.x","article-title":"The effect of physical exercise on parameters of gastrointestinal function","volume":"11","author":"van Nieuwenhoven","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.5.2055","article-title":"Influence of aerobic fitness and body fatness on tolerance to uncompensable heat stress","volume":"91","author":"Selkirk","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref651","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e318246ee56","article-title":"Influence of aerobic fitness on thermoregulation during exercise in the heat","volume":"40","author":"Mora-Rodriguez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1159\/000151550","article-title":"Intestinal barrier dysfunction, endotoxemia, and gastrointestinal symptoms: The \u2018canary in the coal mine\u2019 during exercise-heat stress?","volume":"53","author":"Lambert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Sport 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humans","volume":"91","author":"Nybo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref551","author":"McLellan","year":"Toronto, Canada: Defence Research and Development Canada; 2009","journal-title":"The Importance of Aerobic Fitness in Extending Thermotolerance in Extreme Environments: Connecting Molecular Biology to the Whole Body Response"},{"key":"ref611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12408","article-title":"Adaptations and mechanisms of human heat acclimation: applications for competitive athletes and sports","volume":"25","author":"P\u00e9riard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/02640419108729896","article-title":"Repeated bouts of sprint running after induced alkalosis","volume":"9","author":"Gaitanos","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2587-x","article-title":"Gastrointestinal response and endotoxemia during intense exercise in hot and cool environments","volume":"113","author":"Yeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.84.5.1731","article-title":"Heat acclimation, aerobic fitness, and hydration effects on tolerance during uncompensable heat stress","volume":"84","author":"Cheung","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0232","article-title":"Managing heat and immune stress in athletes with evidence-based strategies","volume":"9","author":"Pyne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1964.19.3.531","article-title":"A new weighting system for mean surface temperature of the human body","volume":"19","author":"Ramanathan","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1698311","article-title":"CD14, a receptor for complexes of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS binding protein","volume":"249","author":"Wright","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198205000-00012","article-title":"Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion","volume":"14","author":"Borg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04172-z","article-title":"The effect of cycling in the heat on gastrointestinal-induced damage and neuromuscular fatigue","volume":"119","author":"Osborne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref511","first-page":"533","article-title":"Endotoxaemia in exhausted runners after a long-distance race","volume":"73","author":"Brock-Utne","year":"1988","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref681","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2010.054213","article-title":"Cardiovascular strain impairs prolonged self-paced exercise in the heat","volume":"96","author":"Periard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"ref601","article-title":"A retrospective analysis to determine if exercise training\u2010induced thermoregulatory adaptations are mediated by increased fitness or heat acclimation","author":"Ravanelli","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"ref491","first-page":"102","article-title":"Butyrylated starch increases colonic butyrate concentration but has limited effects on immunity in healthy physically active 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