{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T07:21:57Z","timestamp":1774682517351,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Purpose<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> To measure core temperature (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>core<\/jats:sub>) in open-water (OW) swimmers during a 25-km competition and identify the predictors of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>core<\/jats:sub> drop and hypothermia-related dropouts. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Twenty-four national- and international-level OW swimmers participated in the study. Participants completed a personal questionnaire and a body fat\/muscle mass assessment before the race. The average speed was calculated on each lap over a 2500-m course. <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>core<\/jats:sub> was continuously recorded via an ingestible temperature sensor (e-Celsius, BodyCap). Hypothermia-related dropouts (H group) were compared with finishers (nH group). <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Average prerace <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>core<\/jats:sub> was 37.5\u00b0C (0.3\u00b0C) (N\u2009=\u200921). 7 participants dropped out due to hypothermia (H, n\u2009=\u20097) with a mean <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>core<\/jats:sub> at dropout of 35.3\u00b0C (1.5\u00b0C). Multiple logistic regression analysis found that body fat percentage and initial <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>core<\/jats:sub> were associated with hypothermia (<jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200917.26, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001). Early <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>core<\/jats:sub> drop \u226437.1\u00b0C at 2500 m was associated with a greater rate of hypothermia-related dropouts (71.4% vs 14.3%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.017). Multiple linear regression found that body fat percentage and previous participation were associated with <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>core<\/jats:sub> drop (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094.95, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.019). There was a positive correlation between the decrease in speed and <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>core<\/jats:sub> drop (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.462, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001). <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> During an OW 25-km competition at 20\u00b0C to 21\u00b0C, lower initial <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>core<\/jats:sub> and lower body fat, as well as premature <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>core<\/jats:sub> drop, were associated with an increased risk of hypothermia-related dropout. Lower body fat and no previous participation, as well as decrease in swimming speed, were associated with <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>core<\/jats:sub> drop.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2020-0875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T03:54:10Z","timestamp":1620705250000},"page":"1692-1699","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Risk Factors and Predictors of Hypothermia and Dropouts During Open-Water Swimming Competitions"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Joffrey","family":"Drigny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marine","family":"Rolland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Pla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Chesneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tess","family":"Lebreton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Marais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Outin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Moussay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Racinais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Mauvieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"r1","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2017-0230","article-title":"Characteristics and challenges of open-water swimming performance: a review","volume":"12","author":"Baldassarre R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baldassarre R, Bonifazi M, Zamparo P, Piacentini MF. 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