{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T02:06:43Z","timestamp":1785809203188,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic> Ice hockey is a team invasion sport characterized by repeated high-intensity skating efforts, technical and tactical skill, physical contact, and collisions requiring considerable levels of muscular strength. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between lower-body vertical force\u2013time metrics and skating qualities in subelite female ice hockey players. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic> A cross-sectional cohort design was employed utilizing 14 athletes (body mass\u2009=\u200966.7 [1.8]\u00a0kg; height\u2009=\u2009171.6 [6.2]\u00a0cm; age\u2009=\u200921.1 [1.7]\u00a0y). The relationships between metrics of lower-body strength collected from a drop jump, squat jump, countermovement jump, loaded countermovement jump, and an isometric squat and 4 skating qualities collected from a linear sprint, repeated sprint test, and a multistage aerobic test were evaluated. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> The regression models revealed a positive relationship between relative peak force in the isometric squat and skating multistage aerobic test performance (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u2009.388; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.017) and a positive relationship between repeated-sprint ability and eccentric mean force during the loaded countermovement jump (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u2009.595; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.001). No significant relationships were observed between strength metrics and skating acceleration or maximal velocity. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic> These data suggest that skating ability is most affected by relative isometric strength in female ice hockey players. It is recommended that practitioners focus training on tasks that improve relative force output. It is also recommended that isometric relative peak force be used as a monitoring metric for this cohort.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2023-0048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T17:32:45Z","timestamp":1695403965000},"page":"1427-1434","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Relationship Between Lower-Body Force\u2013Time Variables and Skating Performance in Female Ice Hockey Players"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6778-4784","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mary C.","family":"Geneau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services, & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3338-3306","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ming-Chang","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7744-9189","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dana","family":"Agar-Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada"},{"name":"Kinesiology, School of Exercise Science, Physical Health and Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4955-7347","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Geneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada"},{"name":"Kinesiology, School of Exercise Science, Physical Health and Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5512-0558","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marc","family":"Klimstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada"},{"name":"Kinesiology, School of Exercise Science, Physical Health and Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0598-5502","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lachlan P.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services, & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"r1","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"99","article-title":"Physiology of ice hockey","volume":"5","author":"Montgomery DL","year":"1988","unstructured":"Montgomery DL. Physiology of ice hockey. Sports Med. 1988;5(2):99\u2013126. doi:10.2165\/00007256-198805020-00003"},{"issue":"3","key":"r2","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"184","article-title":"Applied physiology of ice hockey","volume":"19","author":"Cox MH","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cox MH, Miles DS, Verde TJ, Rhodes EC. Applied physiology of ice hockey. Sports Med. 1995;19(3):184\u2013201. doi:10.2165\/00007256-199519030-00004"},{"issue":"6","key":"r3","series-title":"Strength Cond J","first-page":"28","article-title":"A strength and conditioning approach for ice hockey","volume":"36","author":"Nightingale SC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nightingale SC. A strength and conditioning approach for ice hockey. Strength Cond J. 2014;36(6):28\u201336. doi:10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000107"},{"issue":"5","key":"r4","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"603","article-title":"A brief review of strength and ballistic assessment methodologies in sport","volume":"44","author":"McMaster DT","year":"2014","unstructured":"McMaster DT, Gill N, Cronin J, McGuigan M. A brief review of strength and ballistic assessment methodologies in sport. Sports Med. 2014;44(5):603\u2013623. doi:10.1007\/s40279-014-0145-2"},{"issue":"10","key":"r5","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"1419","article-title":"The importance of muscular strength in athletic performance","volume":"46","author":"Suchomel TJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Stone MH. The importance of muscular strength in athletic performance. Sports Med. 2016;46(10):1419\u20131449. doi:10.1007\/s40279-016-0486-0"},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Strength Cond J","article-title":"Strength classification and diagnosis: not all strength is created equal","volume":"10","author":"James LP","year":"2022","unstructured":"James LP, Talpey SW, Young WB, Geneau MC, Newton RU, Gastin PB. Strength classification and diagnosis: not all strength is created equal. Strength Cond J. 2022:10:1519. doi:10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000744"},{"issue":"3","key":"r7","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","first-page":"915","article-title":"Relationships to skating performance in competitive hockey players","volume":"21","author":"Farlinger CM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Farlinger CM, Kruisselbrink LD, Fowles JR. Relationships to skating performance in competitive hockey players. J Strength Cond Res. 2007;21(3):915\u2013922."},{"issue":"5","key":"r8","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","first-page":"1297","article-title":"Relationship between physiologic tests, body composition changes, and on-ice playing time in Canadian collegiate hockey players","volume":"32","author":"Delisle-Houde P","year":"2018","unstructured":"Delisle-Houde P, Chiarlitti NA, Reid RER, Andersen RE. Relationship between physiologic tests, body composition changes, and on-ice playing time in Canadian collegiate hockey players. J Strength Cond Res. 2018;32(5):1297\u20131302. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002507"},{"key":"r9","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","first-page":"2597","article-title":"Off-ice resisted sprints best predict all-out skating performance in varsity hockey players","volume":"36","author":"Thompson KMA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thompson KMA, Safadie A, Ford J, Burr JF. Off-ice resisted sprints best predict all-out skating performance in varsity hockey players. J Strength Cond Res. 2022;36:2597\u20132601. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003861"},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Open Access J Sports Med","first-page":"81","article-title":"Laboratory- and field-based testing as predictors of skating performance in competitive-level female ice hockey","volume":"7","author":"Henriksson T","year":"2016","unstructured":"Henriksson T, Vescovi JD, Fjellman-Wiklund A, Gilenstam K. Laboratory- and field-based testing as predictors of skating performance in competitive-level female ice hockey. Open Access J Sports Med. 2016;7:81\u201388. doi:10.2147\/OAJSM.S109124"},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","first-page":"1184","article-title":"Predicting on-ice skating using laboratory- and field-based assessments in college ice hockey players","volume":"9","author":"Delisle-Houde P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Delisle-Houde P, Chiarlitti NA, Reid RER, Andersen RE. Predicting on-ice skating using laboratory- and field-based assessments in college ice hockey players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2019;9:1184\u20131189. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2018-0708"},{"issue":"4","key":"r12","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","first-page":"1139","article-title":"Evaluation of jump protocols to assess leg power and predict hockey playing potential","volume":"21","author":"Burr JF","year":"2007","unstructured":"Burr JF, Jamnik VK, Dogra S, Gledhill N. Evaluation of jump protocols to assess leg power and predict hockey playing potential. J Strength Cond Res. 2007;21(4):1139\u20131145. doi:10.1519\/R-21496.1"},{"issue":"9","key":"r13","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","first-page":"2352","article-title":"Fitness characteristics of elite and subelite male ice hockey players: a cross-sectional study","volume":"33","author":"Vigh-Larsen JF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vigh-Larsen JF, Beck JH, Daasbjerg A, et\u00a0al. Fitness characteristics of elite and subelite male ice hockey players: a cross-sectional study. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33(9):2352\u20132360. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003285"},{"issue":"5","key":"r14","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","first-page":"1191","article-title":"Division I hockey players generate more power than division III players during on- and off-ice performance tests","volume":"29","author":"Peterson BJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Peterson BJ, Fitzgerald JS, Dietz CC, et\u00a0al. Division I hockey players generate more power than division III players during on- and off-ice performance tests. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29(5):1191\u20131196. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000754"},{"issue":"11","key":"r15","series-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness","first-page":"1415","article-title":"Relationship between ice hockey-specific complex test and maximal strength, aerobic capacity and postural regulation in professional players","volume":"57","author":"Schwesig R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schwesig R, Hermassi S, Edelmann S, et\u00a0al. Relationship between ice hockey-specific complex test and maximal strength, aerobic capacity and postural regulation in professional players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2017;57(11):1415\u20131423. doi:10.23736\/S0022-4707.17.07020-7"},{"issue":"7","key":"r16","series-title":"Int J Sports Med","first-page":"537","article-title":"Strength and endurance differences between elite and junior elite ice hockey players. the importance of allometric scaling","volume":"26","author":"Hoff J","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hoff J, Kemi OJ, Helgerud J. Strength and endurance differences between elite and junior elite ice hockey players. the importance of allometric scaling. Int J Sports Med. 2005;26(7):537\u2013541. doi:10.1055\/s-2004-821328"},{"issue":"5","key":"r17","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","first-page":"1183","article-title":"Physiological characteristics of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I ice hockey players and their relation to game performance","volume":"25","author":"Peyer KL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Peyer KL, Pivarnik JM, Eisenmann JC, Vorkapich M. Physiological characteristics of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I ice hockey players and their relation to game performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25(5):1183\u20131192. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318217650a"},{"issue":"3","key":"r18","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","first-page":"207","article-title":"Off-ice performance and draft status of elite ice hockey players","volume":"1","author":"Vescovi JD","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vescovi JD, Murray TM, Fiala KA, VanHeest JL. Off-ice performance and draft status of elite ice hockey players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2006;1(3):207\u2013221. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.1.3.207"},{"issue":"1","key":"r19","series-title":"Int J Strength Cond","article-title":"Physical performance and the relationship to game performance in elite adolescent ice hockey","volume":"1","author":"Williams M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Williams M, Grau S. Physical performance and the relationship to game performance in elite adolescent ice hockey. Int J Strength Cond. 2020;1(1):3. doi:10.47206\/iuscaj.v1i1.3"},{"issue":"6","key":"r20","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","first-page":"908","article-title":"Relationship of fitness combine results and national hockey league performance: a 25-year analysis","volume":"17","author":"Cohen JN","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cohen JN, Thompson KMA, Jamnik VK, Gledhill N, Burr JF. Relationship of fitness combine results and national hockey league performance: a 25-year analysis. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2022;17(6):908\u2013916. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0317"},{"issue":"6","key":"r21","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","first-page":"803","article-title":"Countermovement jump phase characteristics of senior and academy rugby league players","volume":"12","author":"McMahon JJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"McMahon JJ, Murphy S, Rej SJ, Comfort P. Countermovement jump phase characteristics of senior and academy rugby league players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2017;12(6):803\u2013811. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0467"},{"key":"r22","series-title":"Routledge Handbook of Ergonomics in Sport and Exercise","first-page":"37","article-title":"Biomechanical adaptation in ice hockey skating","author":"Pearsall DJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pearsall DJ, Turcotte RA, Levangie MC, Forget S. Biomechanical adaptation in ice hockey skating. Routledge Handbook of Ergonomics in Sport and Exercise. Routledge; 2013:37\u201344."},{"issue":"4","key":"r23","series-title":"Sports Eng","first-page":"255","article-title":"Ice hockey skate starts: a comparison of high and low calibre skaters","volume":"20","author":"Renaud PJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Renaud PJ, Robbins SMK, Dixon PC, Shell JR, Turcotte RA, Pearsall DJ. Ice hockey skate starts: a comparison of high and low calibre skaters. Sports Eng. 2017;20(4):255\u2013266. doi:10.1007\/s12283-017-0227-0"},{"key":"r24","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","first-page":"1978","article-title":"A comparison of on-ice external load measures between subelite and elite female ice hockey players","volume":"36","author":"Douglas AS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Douglas AS, Rotondi MA, Baker J, Jamnik VK, Macpherson AK. A comparison of on-ice external load measures between subelite and elite female ice hockey players. J Strength Cond Res. 2022;36:1978\u20131983. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003771"},{"issue":"6","key":"r25","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","first-page":"1742","article-title":"The usefulness and reliability of fitness testing protocols for ice hockey players: a literature review","volume":"27","author":"Nightingale SC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nightingale SC, Miller S, Turner A. The usefulness and reliability of fitness testing protocols for ice hockey players: a literature review. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(6):1742\u20131748. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182736948"},{"issue":"6","key":"r26","series-title":"Int J Exerc Sci","first-page":"666","article-title":"Development and reliability of a 7x15m repeated on-ice sprint test for female ice hockey players","volume":"14","author":"Wilson K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilson K, Jackson J, Snydmiller G, Bell G. Development and reliability of a 7x15m repeated on-ice sprint test for female ice hockey players. Int J Exerc Sci. 2021;14(6):666\u2013676. PubMed ID: 34567374"},{"issue":"11","key":"r27","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","first-page":"3182","article-title":"Updating the skating multistage aerobic test and correction for V\u02d9O2max prediction using a new skating economy index in elite youth ice hockey players","volume":"34","author":"Allisse M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Allisse M, Bui HT, Leger L, Comtois AS, Leone M. Updating the skating multistage aerobic test and correction for V\u02d9O2max prediction using a new skating economy index in elite youth ice hockey players. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34(11):3182\u20133189. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002602"},{"issue":"2","key":"r28","series-title":"J Chiropr Med","first-page":"155","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo TK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo TK, Li MY. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15(2):155\u2013163. doi:10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012"},{"key":"r29","article-title":"Practical Regression and Anova using R","author":"Faraway JJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Faraway JJ. Practical Regression and Anova using R. 2023. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/doc\/contrib\/Faraway-PRA.pdf. Accessed January 31, 2023."},{"issue":"6","key":"r30","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","first-page":"1619","article-title":"Relationship between physiological off-ice testing, on-ice skating, and game performance in division I female ice hockey players","volume":"33","author":"Boland M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boland M, Delude K, Miele EM. Relationship between physiological off-ice testing, on-ice skating, and game performance in division I female ice hockey players. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33(6):1619\u20131628. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002265"},{"issue":"8","key":"r31","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","first-page":"2133","article-title":"Physiological correlates of skating performance in women\u2019s and men\u2019s ice hockey","volume":"25","author":"Gilenstam KM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gilenstam KM, Thorsen K, Henriksson-Larsen KB. Physiological correlates of skating performance in women\u2019s and men\u2019s ice hockey. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25(8):2133\u20132142. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181ecd072"},{"issue":"2","key":"r32","series-title":"Sports Biomech","first-page":"206","article-title":"Three-dimensional kinematics of the lower limbs during forward ice hockey skating","volume":"7","author":"Upjohn T","year":"2008","unstructured":"Upjohn T, Turcotte R, Pearsall DJ, Loh J. Three-dimensional kinematics of the lower limbs during forward ice hockey skating. Sports Biomech. 2008;7(2):206\u2013221. doi:10.1080\/14763140701841621"},{"issue":"2","key":"r33","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","first-page":"326","article-title":"Relationship between hockey skating speed and selected performance measures","volume":"19","author":"Behm DG","year":"2005","unstructured":"Behm DG, Wahl MJ, Button DC, Power KE, Anderson KG. Relationship between hockey skating speed and selected performance measures. J Strength Cond Res. 2005;19(2):326\u2013331. doi:10.1519\/R-14043.1"},{"issue":"1","key":"r34","series-title":"Biol Sport","first-page":"225","article-title":"Relationship between vertical jump tests and ice-skating performance in junior Polish ice hockey players","volume":"40","author":"Gupta S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gupta S, Baron J, Bieniec A, Swinarew A, Stanula A. Relationship between vertical jump tests and ice-skating performance in junior Polish ice hockey players. Biol Sport. 2022;40(1):225\u2013232. doi:10.5114\/biolsport.2023.112972"},{"issue":"4","key":"r35","series-title":"Sports Eng","first-page":"197","article-title":"Impact of hockey skate design on ankle motion and force production","volume":"15","author":"Robert-Lachaine X","year":"2012","unstructured":"Robert-Lachaine X, Turcotte RA, Dixon PC, Pearsall DJ. Impact of hockey skate design on ankle motion and force production. Sports Eng. 2012;15(4):197\u2013206. doi:10.1007\/s12283-012-0103-x"},{"key":"r36","series-title":"Exerc Sport Sci","first-page":"675","article-title":"Biomechanics of ice hockey","volume":"43","author":"Pearsall D","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pearsall D, Turcotte R, Murphy S. Biomechanics of ice hockey. Exerc Sport Sci. 2000;43:675\u2013692."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/18\/12\/article-p1427.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/18\/12\/article-p1427.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/18\/12\/article-p1427.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]],"date-time":"2023-12-08T16:36:39Z","timestamp":1702053399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/18\/12\/article-p1427.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2023-0048","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-0265","1555-0273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-0265","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-0273","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]}}}