{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T02:12:46Z","timestamp":1747188766872,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic> To examine the impact of oral contraceptive (OC) phases on performance, physiological, and subjective responses to prolonged, intensive exercise when carbohydrate (CHO) stores are reduced. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic> Ten well-trained female cyclists using monophasic OC completed 4 identical trials (&gt;150\u00a0min) under conditions of in-trial 60-g\u00b7h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> CHO supplementation (CHO+) or placebo (CHO\u2212) during the sugar- (SUG) and active-pill (ACT) phases of their OC cycle. Each trial comprised two 400-kcal time trials (TT) separated by 1\u00a0hour of submaximal cycling at first ventilatory threshold. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic> Change in completion time from TT<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> to TT<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was minimized in CHO+ compared with CHO\u2212 (4.06 [2.55] vs 6.08 [5.33]\u00a0min; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.019, effect size\u2009=\u2009\u22120.36). An interaction effect of OC and CHO was observed for time to complete TT (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.006), mean TT power (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.002), mean TT heart rate (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.002), and posttrial emotional balance (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.020) and negative emotional state (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.033). In ACT, mean TT power and heart rate were higher in CHO+ when compared with CHO\u2212, resulting in faster TTs in CHO+ and improved posttrial emotional well-being. When CHO was not supplemented, TT power and heart rate were higher in SUG when compared with ACT, resulting in faster TTs in SUG and improved posttrial emotional balance. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic> CHO depletion during ACT negatively influenced TT performance and emotional well-being when compared with SUG. Irrespective of OC pill phase, CHO supplementation should be prioritized to sustain performance and improve postexercise recovery\u2013stress balance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2023-0143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T06:23:35Z","timestamp":1705559015000},"page":"356-364","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of In-Exercise Carbohydrate Supplementation on Prolonged High-Intensity Exercise Performance in Oral Contraceptive Users"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Serene J.L.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Healthy Aging, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6305-3359","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fleur E.C.A.","family":"Van Rens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3331-1177","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeremiah J.","family":"Peiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Healthy Aging, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"r1","series-title":"Eur J Sport Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2021.1922508","article-title":"Fuelling the female athlete: carbohydrate and protein recommendations","volume":"22","author":"Moore DR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moore DR, Sygo J, Morton JP. 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