{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T06:12:56Z","timestamp":1793081576264,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"abstract":"Purpose<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Determine the effects of advanced footwear technology (AFT) in track spikes and road-racing shoes on running economy (RE). Methods<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Four racing shoes (3 AFT and 1 control) and 3 track spikes (2 AFT and 1 control) were tested in 9 male distance runners on 2 visits. Shoes were tested in a random sequence over 5-minute trials on visit 1 (7 trials at 16\u00a0km\u00b7h\u22121<\/jats:sup>; 5-min rest between trials) and in the reverse\/mirrored order on visit 2. Metabolic data were collected and averaged across visits. Results<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> There were significant differences across footwear conditions for oxygen consumption (F<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200913.046; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u2009.001) and energy expenditure (F<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200914.710; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u2009.001). Oxygen consumption (in milliliters\u00a0per kilogram\u00a0per minute) in both the first AFT spike (49.1 [1.7]; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u2009.001; d<\/jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20092.1) and the other AFT spike (49.3 [1.7]; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u2009.001; d<\/jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20091.7) was significantly lower than the control spike (50.2 [1.6]), which represented a 2.1% (1.0%) and 1.8% (1.0%) improvement in RE, respectively, for the AFT spikes. When comparing the subjects\u2019 most economic shoe by oxygen consumption (49.0 [1.5]) against their most economic spike (49.0 [1.8]), there were no statistical differences (P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.82). Similar statistical conclusions were made when comparing energy expenditure (in watts\u00a0per kilogram). Conclusions<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> AFT track spikes improved RE \u223c2% relative to a traditional spike. Despite their heavier mass, AFT shoes resulted in similar RE as AFT spikes. This could make the AFT shoe an attractive option for longer track races, particularly in National Collegiate Athletic Association and high school athletics, where there are no stack-height rules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2023-0372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T17:38:22Z","timestamp":1717090702000},"page":"705-711","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Comparative Effects of Advanced Footwear Technology in Track Spikes and Road-Racing Shoes on Running Economy"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0565-3310","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dustin P.","family":"Joubert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, St. Edward\u2019s University, Austin, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garrett M.","family":"Oehlert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5225-588X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Geoffrey T.","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"},{"name":"United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"r1","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002798","article-title":"A narrative analysis of the progression in the top 100 marathon, half-marathon, and 10-km road race times from 2001 to 2019","volume":"54","author":"Goss CS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goss CS, Greenshields JT, Noble TJ, Chapman RF. A narrative analysis of the progression in the top 100 marathon, half-marathon, and 10-km road race times from 2001 to 2019. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2022;54(2):345\u2013352. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002798"},{"issue":"23","key":"r2","series-title":"J Sports Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2023.2183103","article-title":"Impact of advanced footwear technology on elite men\u2019s in the evolution of road race performance","volume":"40","author":"Rodrigo Carranza V","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rodrigo Carranza V, Gonz\u00e1lez-Moh\u00edno F, Santos-Concejero J, Gonzalez Rave JM. Impact of advanced footwear technology on elite men\u2019s in the evolution of road race performance. J Sports Sci. 2022;40(23):2661\u20132668. doi:10.1080\/02640414.2023.2183103"},{"issue":"6","key":"r3","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00002.2021","article-title":"Technological advances in elite marathon performance","volume":"130","author":"Senefeld JW","year":"2021","unstructured":"Senefeld JW, Haischer MH, Jones AM, et\u00a0al. Technological advances in elite marathon performance. J Appl Physiol. 2021;130(6):2002\u20132008. doi:10.1152\/japplphysiol.00002.2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"r4","series-title":"Footwear Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2022.2127526","article-title":"Let\u2019s just call it advanced footwear technology (AFT)","volume":"14","author":"Frederick EC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Frederick EC. Let\u2019s just call it advanced footwear technology (AFT). Footwear Sci. 2022;14(3):131. doi:10.1080\/19424280.2022.2127526"},{"issue":"4","key":"r5","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0811-2","article-title":"A comparison of the energetic cost of running in marathon racing shoes","volume":"48","author":"Hoogkamer W","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoogkamer W, Kipp S, Frank JH, Farina EM, Luo G, Kram R. A comparison of the energetic cost of running in marathon racing shoes. Sports Med. 2018;48(4):1009\u20131019. doi:10.1007\/s40279-017-0811-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"r6","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-1012-3","article-title":"A randomized crossover study investigating the running economy of highly-trained male and female distance runners in marathon racing shoes versus track spikes","volume":"49","author":"Barnes KR","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barnes KR, Kilding AE. A randomized crossover study investigating the running economy of highly-trained male and female distance runners in marathon racing shoes versus track spikes. Sports Med. 2019;49(2):331\u2013342. doi:10.1007\/s40279-018-1012-3"},{"issue":"20","key":"r7","series-title":"J Sports Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1633837","article-title":"Running economy, mechanics, and marathon racing shoes","volume":"37","author":"Hunter I","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hunter I, McLeod A, Valentine D, Low T, Ward J, Hager R. Running economy, mechanics, and marathon racing shoes. J Sports Sci. 2019;37(20):2367\u20132373. doi:10.1080\/02640414.2019.1633837"},{"issue":"2","key":"r8","series-title":"Footwear Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2022.2038691","article-title":"A comparison of running economy across seven highly cushioned racing shoes with carbon-fibre plates","volume":"14","author":"Joubert DP","year":"2022","unstructured":"Joubert DP, Jones GP. A comparison of running economy across seven highly cushioned racing shoes with carbon-fibre plates. Footwear Sci. 2022;14(2):71\u201383. doi:10.1080\/19424280.2022.2038691"},{"issue":"2","key":"r9","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2022-0227","article-title":"Effects of highly cushioned and resilient racing shoes on running economy at slower running speeds","volume":"18","author":"Joubert DP","year":"2023","unstructured":"Joubert DP, Dominy TA, Burns GT. Effects of highly cushioned and resilient racing shoes on running economy at slower running speeds. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2023;18(2):164\u2013170. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2022-0227"},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Front Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00079","article-title":"Extrapolating metabolic savings in running: implications for performance predictions","volume":"10","author":"Kipp S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kipp S, Kram R, Hoogkamer W. Extrapolating metabolic savings in running: implications for performance predictions. Front Physiol. 2019;10:79. doi:10.3389\/fphys.2019.00079"},{"issue":"11","key":"r11","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001012","article-title":"Altered running economy directly translates to altered distance-running performance","volume":"48","author":"Hoogkamer W","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hoogkamer W, Kipp S, Spiering BA, Kram R. Altered running economy directly translates to altered distance-running performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(11):2175\u20132180. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001012"},{"issue":"12","key":"r12","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003254","article-title":"Influence of running shoe longitudinal bending stiffness on running economy and performance in trained and national level runners","volume":"55","author":"Rodrigo-Carranza V","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rodrigo-Carranza V, Hoogkamer W, Salinero JJ, Rodr\u00edguez-Barbero S, Gonz\u00e1lez-Rav\u00e9 JM, Gonz\u00e1lez-Moh\u00edno F. Influence of running shoe longitudinal bending stiffness on running economy and performance in trained and national level runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2023;55(12):2290\u20132298. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003254"},{"issue":"3","key":"r13","series-title":"J Sport Health Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.11.012","article-title":"Metabolic and performance responses of male runners wearing 3 types of footwear: Nike Vaporfly 4%, Saucony Endorphin racing flats, and their own shoes","volume":"11","author":"H\u00e9bert-Losier K","year":"2022","unstructured":"H\u00e9bert-Losier K, Finlayson SJ, Driller MW, Dubois B, Esculier JF, Beaven CM. Metabolic and performance responses of male runners wearing 3 types of footwear: Nike Vaporfly 4%, Saucony Endorphin racing flats, and their own shoes. J Sport Health Sci. 2022;11(3):275\u2013284. doi:10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.11.012"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"r14","series-title":"Footwear Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2023.2199262","article-title":"Does an analysis of the world top 100 track and road running performances provide an indication for the effects of super shoes and spikes?","volume":"15","author":"Robbin J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Robbin J, Mai P, Helwig J, Willwacher S. Does an analysis of the world top 100 track and road running performances provide an indication for the effects of super shoes and spikes? Footwear Sci. 2023;15(suppl 1):S16\u2013S17. doi:10.1080\/19424280.2023.2199262"},{"issue":"1","key":"r15","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00572183","article-title":"The energetics of middle-distance running","volume":"60","author":"Lacour JR","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lacour JR, Padilla-Magunacelaya S, Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my JC, Dormois D. The energetics of middle-distance running. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1990;60(1):38\u201343. doi:10.1007\/BF00572183"},{"key":"r16","series-title":"bioRxiv","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.10.25.564056","article-title":"Quantifying the performance benefits of middle distance running super spikes","volume":"10","author":"Bertschy M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bertschy M, Rodrigo-Carranza V, Wilkie EWC, et\u00a0al. Quantifying the performance benefits of middle distance running super spikes. bioRxiv. 2023;10:564056. doi:10.1101\/2023.10.25.564056"},{"key":"r17","series-title":"Current Topics in Sports Medicine","first-page":"616","article-title":"The effect of shoe weight on the aerobic demands of running","author":"Frederick EC","year":"1984","unstructured":"Frederick EC, Daniels JT, Hayes JW. The effect of shoe weight on the aerobic demands of running. In: Bachl N, Prokop L, Suckert R, eds. Current Topics in Sports Medicine. Urban & Schwarzenberg; 1984:616\u2013625."},{"key":"r18","article-title":"World athletics technical rules C2.1A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Athletic Shoe Regulations. World athletics technical rules C2.1A. 2023. https:\/\/worldathletics.org\/download\/download?filename=b723c6b6-7d1f-40ad-8b27-1d3f956c6c99.pdf&urlslug=C2.1A%20%E2%80%93%20Athletics%20Shoe%20Regulations%20(effective%20from%2001%20January%202022). Accessed September 18, 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"r19","series-title":"Can J Sport Sci","first-page":"23","article-title":"Table of nonprotein respiratory quotient: an update","volume":"16","author":"P\u00e9ronnet F","year":"1991","unstructured":"P\u00e9ronnet F, Massicotte D. Table of nonprotein respiratory quotient: an update. Can J Sport Sci. 1991;16(1):23\u201329."},{"issue":"6","key":"r20","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2016.6391","article-title":"Validity and reliability of a commercial fitness watch for measuring running dynamics","volume":"46","author":"Adams D","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adams D, Pozzi F, Carroll A, Rombach A, Zeni J. Validity and reliability of a commercial fitness watch for measuring running dynamics. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016;46(6):471\u2013476. doi:10.2519\/jospt.2016.6391"},{"issue":"03","key":"r21","series-title":"Int J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1025824","article-title":"Justification of the 4-mmol\/l lactate threshold","volume":"06","author":"Heck H","year":"1985","unstructured":"Heck H, Mader A, Hess G, M\u00fccke S, M\u00fcller R, Hollmann W. Justification of the 4-mmol\/l lactate threshold. Int J Sports Med. 1985;06(03):117\u2013130. doi:10.1055\/s-2008-1025824"},{"issue":"1","key":"r22","series-title":"J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini Y","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol. 1995;57(1):289\u2013300. doi:10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"r23","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01657-4","article-title":"Can we quantify the benefits of \u201csuper spikes\u201d in track running?","volume":"52","author":"Healey L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Healey L, Bertschy M, Kipp S, Hoogkamer W. Can we quantify the benefits of \u201csuper spikes\u201d in track running? Sports Med. 2022;52(6):1211\u20131218. doi:10.1007\/s40279-022-01657-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"r24","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01164.2000","article-title":"Energetics and mechanics of human running on surfaces of different stiffnesses","volume":"92","author":"Kerdok AE","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kerdok AE, Biewener AA, McMahon TA, Weyand PG, Herr HM. Energetics and mechanics of human running on surfaces of different stiffnesses. J Appl Physiol. 2002;92(2):469\u2013478. doi:10.1152\/japplphysiol.01164.2000"},{"issue":"8","key":"r25","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182514a88","article-title":"Metabolic cost of running barefoot versus shod: is lighter better?","volume":"44","author":"Franz JR","year":"2012","unstructured":"Franz JR, Wierzbinski CM, Kram R. Metabolic cost of running barefoot versus shod: is lighter better? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(8):1519\u20131525. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182514a88"},{"issue":"2","key":"r26","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182a63b81","article-title":"A test of the metabolic cost of cushioning hypothesis during unshod and shod running","volume":"46","author":"Tung KD","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tung KD, Franz JR, Kram R. A test of the metabolic cost of cushioning hypothesis during unshod and shod running. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46(2):324\u2013329. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182a63b81"},{"issue":"3","key":"r27","series-title":"Footwear Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2022.2077844","article-title":"The Nike Vaporfly 4%: a game changer to improve performance without biomechanical explanation yet","volume":"14","author":"Patoz A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patoz A, Lussiana T, Breine B, Gindre C. The Nike Vaporfly 4%: a game changer to improve performance without biomechanical explanation yet. Footwear Sci. 2022;14(3):147\u2013150. doi:10.1080\/19424280.2022.2077844"},{"issue":"13","key":"r28","series-title":"Int J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1979-5849","article-title":"The effect of using marathon shoes or track spikes on neuromuscular fatigue caused by a long-distance track training session","volume":"44","author":"Ruiz-Alias SA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ruiz-Alias SA, P\u00e9rez-Castilla A, Soto-Hermoso VM, Garc\u00eda-Pinillos F. The effect of using marathon shoes or track spikes on neuromuscular fatigue caused by a long-distance track training session. Int J Sports Med. 2023;44(13):976\u2013982. doi:10.1055\/a-1979-5849"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/19\/7\/article-p705.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/19\/7\/article-p705.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/19\/7\/article-p705.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T15:13:39Z","timestamp":1719242019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/19\/7\/article-p705.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2023-0372","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-0265","1555-0273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-0265","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-0273","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]}}}