{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T11:37:26Z","timestamp":1760441846924,"version":"3.40.3"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Purpose<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> To compare the frequency and severity of self-perceived negative symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle or hormonal-contraceptive (HC) cycle between (1)\u00a0HC\u00a0users and non\u2013HC users\u00a0and (2)\u00a0different competition levels. An additional aim was to describe the rate and type of HC use and prevalence of potential menstrual-cycle disturbances in female team handball players. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> A total of 136 team handball players, competing at different levels (international, 48; national, 52; local\/regional, 36), completed a cross-sectional survey regarding self-reported negative cycle-related symptom frequency and severity, perceived influence on training\/competition performance, menstrual function, and current and\/or past HC use. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Although most players regularly experienced negative cycle-related symptoms, non\u2013HC users reported more frequent and severe cramps (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.001 to .026), as well as a higher occurrence of fatigue\u00a0and skin problems (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.019 to .045), compared with HC users. Negative symptoms such as fatigue were more common and severe for local\/regional-level players compared with players at higher (international) competition levels (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.006\u2013.046). Half (47%) of the players currently used HC, primarily long-acting reversible contraceptives (52%), as well as the combined oral (33%)\u00a0or progestin-only pill (14%). Notably, only 2% of players altered their training in response to negative cycle-related symptoms, despite 41% perceiving that these symptoms interfered with training quality and athletic performance. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Negative cycle-related symptoms are common among team handball players, regardless of HC use, and are perceived by many players to adversely influence their athletic performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2023-0382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T18:21:59Z","timestamp":1739557319000},"page":"515-523","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hormonal Contraceptive Use and Self-Reported Menstrual Cycle-Related Symptom Frequency and Severity in Norwegian Team Handball Players of Different Competition Levels"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8681-8521","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John O.","family":"Osborne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4433-1218","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Erik P.","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Swedish Winter Sports Research Center, Mid Sweden University, \u00d6stersund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8018-3318","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sigurd","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3805-1615","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boye","family":"Welde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4700-0529","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Svein","family":"Arne Pettersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aina","family":"Emaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Sports Medicine, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7354-8910","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guro Str\u00f8m","family":"Solli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Bod\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tora Vilje D.","family":"Gunnarshaug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1823-7087","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tina Pettersen","family":"Engseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"r1","series-title":"Hum Reprod Update","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmv039","article-title":"What we know about primary dysmenorrhea today: a critical review","volume":"21","author":"Iacovides S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iacovides S, Avidon I, Baker FC. 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