{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T03:55:21Z","timestamp":1762660521145,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Purpose<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Bone mineral measurements and their association with peak impact and sport-specific, persistent muscle loads were examined in 10 elite artistic swimmers age 15\u201319\u00a0years. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Bone mineral density (BMD)\u00a0and bone mineral content (BMC) of total body, total body less head, spine, and dominant and nondominant limbs were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Peak ground-reaction forces of 2 dry jumps (countermovement jump and frog jump) were measured on a force plate. Peak forces applied during in-water exercises (vertical scull, barracuda push, and kick pull) were measured. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> On average, artistic swimmers\u2019 total-body BMD (1.12 [0.08]\u00a0g\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) was similar to values reported for young swimmers and nonathletic females, and total-body BMC (2359 [399]\u00a0g) was higher than previously reported in race swimmers. Based on previously published reference curves, 9 out of 10 artistic swimmers had total-body less head BMD and BMC at or above the 90th percentile, with average to above average <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic> scores and height-adjusted <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic> scores for their age. Countermovement jump and frog jump exhibited moderate peak ground-reaction forces (2.61 [0.46] and 1.93 [0.42]\u00a0N\/kg, respectively). In water, greater force was exerted in kick pull (60.4 [4.8]\u00a0N) compared with vertical skull (45.5 [6.4]\u00a0N) and barracuda push (40.6 [4.8]\u00a0N). Bone measurements were correlated with the peak ground-reaction forces exerted in both dry jumps (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.61\u2013.83, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u2009.05) and the peak force output of the in-water exercises (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.63\u2013.80, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u2009.05). <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> These results imply robust bone health among artistic swimmers, partially associated with the high muscle forces regularly applied during their sport-specific training that seem to counteract the low-impact nature of the sport.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2023-0440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T20:14:15Z","timestamp":1733861655000},"page":"168-171","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association of Bone Mineral Measurements With Peak Impact and Sport-Specific Muscle Loads in Elite Youth Artistic Swimmers"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6344-7411","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Apostolos Z.","family":"Skouras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7890-2720","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Koulouvaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6264-1511","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yiannis","family":"Tsekouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2993-1346","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Antonakis-Karamintzas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Goutseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hellenic Swimming Federation, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7356-6027","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charilaos","family":"Tsolakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0328-5198","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Panagiota","family":"Klentrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Healthy Youth Development Through Sport, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St Catharines, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"929","key":"r1","series-title":"Postgrad Med J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.79.929.133","article-title":"What is osteoporosis?","volume":"79","author":"Christodoulou C","year":"2003","unstructured":"Christodoulou C, Cooper C. 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