{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T02:06:44Z","timestamp":1785809204572,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Purpose<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Jump and linear sprint performances both correlate with pro-agility performance. However, correlation does not imply causation, and potential confounders may affect the correlation. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between change-of-direction (COD) performance and COD deficits (COD-D) in linear-sprint and countermovement-jump (CMJ)\u00a0-related performance using multiple stepwise linear-regression models. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> The study included 42 female national-level intercollegiate athletes. The 10- and 20-m linear-sprint and pro-agility times, COD-D, CMJ height, and phase-specific force production and rate of force development during eccentric unloading, eccentric braking, and the concentric phases of CMJ were measured. Stepwise linear-regression analyses were used to predict the factors related to COD and COD-D. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> CMJ height was the sole predictor in the 10-m pro-agility model (adjusted <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u2009.234, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.001). Modified Reactive Strength Index (standardized coefficient, \u2212.710) and the lowest center-of-mass depth during the CMJ (standardized coefficient, .323) were predictors in the 20-m pro-agility model (adjusted <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u2009.330, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). For the 10- and 20-m COD-D models, the rate of force development at 30 and 60\u00a0milliseconds, respectively, during the concentric phase was the only predictor of performance (adjusted <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u2009.183, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.003 and .237, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.001, respectively). <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> These results suggest that athletes should concentrate on improving their CMJ height, increasing their ability to lower their center of mass more deeply, and increasing their instantaneous force-production abilities immediately after the eccentric braking phase of CMJ to improve their COD performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2024-0006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T18:29:44Z","timestamp":1724783384000},"page":"1256-1263","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Change-of-Direction Performance and Its Deficits in Relation to Countermovement-Jump Height and Phase-Specific Performance Among Female Athletes"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8442-8690","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Naoyuki","family":"Yamashita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6178-2075","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Science Center, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Senangun, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takaaki","family":"Mishima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Senangun, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"r1","series-title":"Appl Sci","first-page":"655","article-title":"Relationship between physical factors and change of direction speed in team sports","volume":"11","author":"Horn\u00edkov\u00e1 H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Horn\u00edkov\u00e1 H, Zemkov\u00e1 E. Relationship between physical factors and change of direction speed in team sports. Appl Sci. 2021;11(2):655."},{"issue":"5","key":"r2","series-title":"Int J Sports Sci Coach","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1177\/17479541211069338","article-title":"Pro-agility unpacked: variability, comparability and diagnostic value","volume":"17","author":"Forster JWD","year":"2022","unstructured":"Forster JWD, Uthoff AM, Rumpf MC, Cronin JB. Pro-agility unpacked: variability, comparability and diagnostic value. Int J Sports Sci Coach. 2022;17(5):1225\u20131240. doi:10.1177\/17479541211069338"},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Front Sports Act Living","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645350","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.645350","article-title":"Change of direction speed tests in basketball players: a brief review of test varieties and recent trends [Review]","volume":"3","author":"Sugiyama T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sugiyama T, Maeo S, Kurihara T, Kanehisa H, Isaka T. Change of direction speed tests in basketball players: a brief review of test varieties and recent trends [Review]. Front Sports Act Living. 2021;3:645350. doi:10.3389\/fspor.2021.645350"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"r4","series-title":"J Aust Strength Cond","first-page":"115","article-title":"Change of direction deficit measurement in Division I American football players","volume":"21","author":"Nimphius S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nimphius S, Geib G, Spiteri T, Carlisle D. Change of direction deficit measurement in Division I American football players. J Aust Strength Cond. 2013;21(suppl 2):115\u2013117."},{"issue":"8","key":"r5","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000002346","article-title":"Application of change of direction deficit to evaluate cutting ability","volume":"33","author":"Cuthbert M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cuthbert M, Thomas C, Dos\u2019Santos T, Jones PA. Application of change of direction deficit to evaluate cutting ability. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33(8):2138\u20132144. doi:10.1519\/jsc.0000000000002346"},{"issue":"5","key":"r6","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.5.510","article-title":"Predictors of fielding performance in professional baseball players","volume":"8","author":"Mangine GT","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mangine GT, Hoffman JR, Vazquez J, Pichardo N, Fragala MS, Stout JR. Predictors of fielding performance in professional baseball players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2013;8(5):510\u2013516. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.8.5.510"},{"issue":"8","key":"r7","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000002077","article-title":"Monitoring changes in power, speed, agility, and endurance in elite cricketers during the off-season period","volume":"34","author":"Herridge R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Herridge R, Turner A, Bishop C. Monitoring changes in power, speed, agility, and endurance in elite cricketers during the off-season period. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34(8):2285\u20132293. doi:10.1519\/jsc.0000000000002077"},{"issue":"9","key":"r8","series-title":"J Sports Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410500457109","article-title":"Agility literature review: classifications, training and testing","volume":"24","author":"Sheppard JM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sheppard JM, Young WB. Agility literature review: classifications, training and testing. J Sports Sci. 2006;24(9):919\u2013932. doi:10.1080\/02640410500457109"},{"issue":"5","key":"r9","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000003439","article-title":"Biomechanical determinants of the modified and traditional 505 change of direction speed test","volume":"34","author":"Dos\u2019Santos T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dos\u2019Santos T, McBurnie A, Thomas C, Comfort P, Jones PA. Biomechanical determinants of the modified and traditional 505 change of direction speed test. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34(5):1285\u20131296. doi:10.1519\/jsc.0000000000003439"},{"issue":"8","key":"r10","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000876","article-title":"Mechanical determinants of faster change of direction and agility performance in female basketball athletes","volume":"29","author":"Spiteri T","year":"2015","unstructured":"Spiteri T, Newton RU, Binetti M, Hart NH, Sheppard JM, Nimphius S. Mechanical determinants of faster change of direction and agility performance in female basketball athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29(8):2205\u20132214. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000876"},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Int J Sport Health Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.5432\/ijshs.202205","article-title":"The relationship between motor ability and change-of-direction kinematics in elite college basketball players","volume":"20","author":"Sasabe K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sasabe K, Sekine Y, Hirose N. The relationship between motor ability and change-of-direction kinematics in elite college basketball players. Int J Sport Health Sci. 2022;20:175\u2013180. doi:10.5432\/ijshs.202205"},{"issue":"11","key":"r12","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000001421","article-title":"Change of direction deficit: a more isolated measure of change of direction performance than total 505 time","volume":"30","author":"Nimphius S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nimphius S, Callaghan SJ, Spiteri T, Lockie RG. Change of direction deficit: a more isolated measure of change of direction performance than total 505 time. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(11):3024\u20133032. doi:10.1519\/jsc.0000000000001421"},{"issue":"1","key":"r13","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2019-1007","article-title":"Train the engine or the brakes? Influence of momentum on the change of direction deficit","volume":"16","author":"Fernandes R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fernandes R, Bishop C, Turner AN, Chavda S, Maloney SJ. Train the engine or the brakes? Influence of momentum on the change of direction deficit. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2021;16(1):90\u201396. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2019-1007"},{"key":"r14","series-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.24.15691-5","article-title":"Jump height ingenerated by countermovement and arm swing better correlates with proagility shuttle run tests but not with change of direction deficits in collegiate female athletes","author":"Yamashita N","unstructured":"Yamashita N, Sato D, Mishima T. Jump height ingenerated by countermovement and arm swing better correlates with proagility shuttle run tests but not with change of direction deficits in collegiate female athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2024;64(8):749\u2013757. doi:10.23736\/S0022-4707.24.15691-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"r15","series-title":"Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3390\/sports7020045","article-title":"Physical qualities pertaining to shorter and longer change-of-direction speed test performance in men and women","volume":"7","author":"Lockie RG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lockie RG, Post BK, Dawes JJ. Physical qualities pertaining to shorter and longer change-of-direction speed test performance in men and women. Sports. 2019;7(2):45. doi:10.3390\/sports7020045"},{"issue":"4","key":"r16","series-title":"Strength Cond J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1519\/ssc.0000000000000375","article-title":"Understanding the key phases of the countermovement jump force-time curve","volume":"40","author":"McMahon JJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"McMahon JJ, Suchomel TJ, Lake JP, Comfort P. Understanding the key phases of the countermovement jump force-time curve. Strength Cond J. 2018;40(4):96\u2013106. doi:10.1519\/ssc.0000000000000375"},{"issue":"5","key":"r17","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000003645","article-title":"Phase-specific predictors of countermovement jump performance that distinguish good from poor jumpers","volume":"36","author":"Krzyszkowski J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krzyszkowski J, Chowning LD, Harry JR. Phase-specific predictors of countermovement jump performance that distinguish good from poor jumpers. J Strength Cond Res. 2022;36(5):1257\u20131263. doi:10.1519\/jsc.0000000000003645"},{"issue":"4","key":"r18","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0000000000002197","article-title":"A joint power approach to define countermovement jump phases using force platforms","volume":"52","author":"Harry JR","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harry JR, Barker LA, Paquette MR. A joint power approach to define countermovement jump phases using force platforms. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2020;52(4):993\u20131000. doi:10.1249\/mss.0000000000002197"},{"issue":"8","key":"r19","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181e72466","article-title":"Using the reactive strength index modified to evaluate plyometric performance","volume":"24","author":"Ebben WP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ebben WP, Petushek EJ. Using the reactive strength index modified to evaluate plyometric performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(8):1983\u20131987. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181e72466"},{"issue":"6","key":"r20","series-title":"Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3390\/sports9060073","article-title":"Change of direction speed and technique modification training improves 180\u00b0 turning performance, kinetics, and kinematics","volume":"9","author":"Dos\u2019Santos T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dos\u2019Santos T, Thomas C, McBurnie A, Comfort P, Jones PA. Change of direction speed and technique modification training improves 180\u00b0 turning performance, kinetics, and kinematics. Sports. 2021;9(6):73. doi:10.3390\/sports9060073"},{"issue":"13","key":"r21","series-title":"Circulation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.654376","article-title":"Multiple linear regression","volume":"117","author":"Slinker BK","year":"2008","unstructured":"Slinker BK, Glantz SA. Multiple linear regression. Circulation. 2008;117(13):1732\u20131737. doi:10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.654376"},{"key":"r22","series-title":"PeerJ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9486","article-title":"Change of direction asymmetry across different age categories in youth soccer","volume":"8","author":"Trecroci A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trecroci A, Rossi A, Dos\u2019Santos T, et\u00a0al. Change of direction asymmetry across different age categories in youth soccer. PeerJ. 2020;8:e9486. doi:10.7717\/peerj.9486"},{"issue":"2","key":"r23","series-title":"Sports Med Int Open","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E80","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-102933","article-title":"Estimation of relative load from bar velocity in the full back squat exercise","volume":"1","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Medina L","year":"2017","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Medina L, Pallar\u00e9s JG, P\u00e9rez CE, Mor\u00e1n-Navarro R, Gonz\u00e1lez-Badillo JJ. Estimation of relative load from bar velocity in the full back squat exercise. Sports Med Int Open. 2017;1(2):E80\u2013E88. doi:10.1055\/s-0043-102933"},{"issue":"2","key":"r24","series-title":"Strength Cond J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1519\/ssc.0000000000000560","article-title":"Velocity-based training: from theory to application","volume":"43","author":"Weakley J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weakley J, Mann B, Banyard H, McLaren S, Scott T, Garcia-Ramos A. Velocity-based training: from theory to application. Strength Cond J. 2021;43(2):31\u201349. doi:10.1519\/ssc.0000000000000560"},{"issue":"1","key":"r25","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000002160","article-title":"Relationships between countermovement jump ground reaction forces and jump height, reactive strength index, and jump time","volume":"32","author":"Barker LA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barker LA, Harry JR, Mercer JA. Relationships between countermovement jump ground reaction forces and jump height, reactive strength index, and jump time. J Strength Cond Res. 2018;32(1):248\u2013254. doi:10.1519\/jsc.0000000000002160"},{"issue":"4","key":"r26","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181c699b9","article-title":"The effect of three different start thresholds on the kinematics and kinetics of a countermovement jump","volume":"25","author":"Meylan CM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meylan CM, Nosaka K, Green J, Cronin JB. The effect of three different start thresholds on the kinematics and kinetics of a countermovement jump. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25(4):1164\u20137. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181c699b9"},{"issue":"1","key":"r27","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","volume":"41","author":"Hopkins WG","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hopkins WG, Marshall SW, Batterham AM, Hanin J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(1):3\u201313. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278"},{"issue":"6","key":"r28","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002114","article-title":"Importance of physical qualities for speed and change of direction ability in elite female soccer players","volume":"33","author":"Emmonds S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Emmonds S, Nicholson G, Begg C, Jones B, Bissas A. Importance of physical qualities for speed and change of direction ability in elite female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33(6):1669\u20131677. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002114"},{"issue":"9","key":"r29","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000000547","article-title":"Contribution of strength characteristics to change of direction and agility performance in female basketball athletes","volume":"28","author":"Spiteri T","year":"2014","unstructured":"Spiteri T, Nimphius S, Hart NH, Specos C, Sheppard JM, Newton RU. Contribution of strength characteristics to change of direction and agility performance in female basketball athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(9):2415\u20132423. doi:10.1519\/jsc.0000000000000547"},{"issue":"14","key":"r30","series-title":"J Sports Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.992936","article-title":"Repeated sprint ability in young basketball players: one vs. two changes of direction (Part 1)","volume":"33","author":"Padulo J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Padulo J, Laffaye G, Haddad M, et\u00a0al. Repeated sprint ability in young basketball players: one vs. two changes of direction (Part 1). J Sports Sci. 2015;33(14):1480\u20131492. doi:10.1080\/02640414.2014.992936"},{"issue":"4","key":"r31","series-title":"Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3390\/sports6040174","article-title":"Comparison of change of direction speed performance and asymmetries between team-sport athletes: application of change of direction deficit","volume":"6","author":"Dos\u2019Santos T","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dos\u2019Santos T, Thomas C, Comfort P, Jones PA. Comparison of change of direction speed performance and asymmetries between team-sport athletes: application of change of direction deficit. Sports. 2018;6(4):174. doi:10.3390\/sports6040174"},{"issue":"2","key":"r32","series-title":"Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/sports5020042","article-title":"The role of eccentric strength in 180\u00b0 turns in female soccer players","volume":"5","author":"Jones PA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jones PA, Thomas C, Dos\u2019Santos T, McMahon JJ, Graham-Smith P. The role of eccentric strength in 180\u00b0 turns in female soccer players. Sports. 2017;5(2):42. doi:10.3390\/sports5020042"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/19\/11\/article-p1256.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/19\/11\/article-p1256.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/19\/11\/article-p1256.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T10:29:34Z","timestamp":1731407374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/19\/11\/article-p1256.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2024-0006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-0265","1555-0273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-0265","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-0273","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]}}}