{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T02:59:39Z","timestamp":1774321179461,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Purpose<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> This study aimed to characterize core-temperature (Tc) responses of swimmers competing at the 2024 3-km World Aquatics Masters Open Water Swimming Championships. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Within a cross-sectional observational study design, swimmers (n\u2009=\u200948 [23 male, 25 female]) ingested a telemetric Tc pill 4 hours before their race. Water temperatures were 20.9\u00a0\u00b0C (male; mean wet-bulb-globe temperature 25.9\u00a0\u00b0C) and 20.5\u00a0\u00b0C (female; mean wet-bulb-globe temperature: 25.4\u00a0\u00b0C). Linear mixed models determined differences between males and females for race-start, mean in-race, and peak Tc. Random coefficient models determined relationships between (1) sex, race time, body mass index (BMI), body-mass change or age, and Tc peak; (2) sex, race time, BMI, body-mass change or age, and Tc nadir; (3) sex, Tc peak, BMI, body-mass change or age, and race time, and (4) sex, Tc peak, BMI, body-mass change, or age and race ranking. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> The mean in-race Tc was 37.8\u00a0\u00b0C (36.1\u201338.8\u00a0\u00b0C); however, there were highly variable individual Tc responses (\u22123.1 to +2.7\u00a0\u00b0C). One swimmer experienced mild hypothermia (Tc\u2009\u2264\u200935.0\u00a0\u00b0C), and 5 exceeded 39.0\u00a0\u00b0C, a risk factor for heat-related illness. There were no statistical differences between males and females for race-start, mean, and peak Tc (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2265\u2009.243). Higher peak Tc was associated with faster race time (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.05), higher race rank (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.027), and higher BMI (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.001). <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Highly variable Tc responses (\u22123.1 to +2.7\u00a0\u00b0C) were observed, demonstrating that organizers of mass-participation open-water swimming events should always be prepared for, and provide facilities to treat, swimmers experiencing cold-\/heat-related health incidents during competition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2024-0240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T18:51:40Z","timestamp":1730832700000},"page":"156-160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Core-Temperature Responses at the 3-km World Aquatics Open-Water Swimming Masters Championships in Doha 2024"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7239-6396","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chris J.","family":"Esh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aspetar, Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4197-531X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Valentin","family":"Dablainville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aspetar, Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8967-7919","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Feriel","family":"Dalansi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aspetar, Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4837-6750","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sayyam","family":"Kathuria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aspetar, Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2777-8707","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marco","family":"Cardinale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aspetar, Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Department of Targeted Interventions, University College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"Extrem Physiol Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-7648-3-12","article-title":"Moving in extreme environments: open water swimming in cold and warm water","volume":"3","author":"Tipton M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tipton M, Bradford C. 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