{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T01:07:33Z","timestamp":1787706453512,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Purpose<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Accurately predicting the distance covered by athletes during indoor sport activities without the use of GPS (global positioning systems) presents a significant challenge. This study evaluates the effectiveness of various machine-learning techniques in predicting total distance, sprinting distance, and running distance for athletes in men\u2019s and women\u2019s soccer and lacrosse at the University of Notre Dame. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> The techniques assessed include XGBoost Regressor, ElasticNet Regression, Ridge Regression, and Lasso Regression. Key performance metrics such as root-mean-square error, SDs, means, and 95% CIs are analyzed to provide insights into the relative performance of each method. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> XGBoost provided the lowest root-mean-square error for total distance (97.962 [12.973]), sprint distance (91.616 [4.234]), and running distance (137.103 [2.789]). <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> The results demonstrate varying levels of accuracy and precision across different sports, genders, and contexts (game vs practice), highlighting the importance of selecting the appropriate model for specific applications in optimizing team performance, injury prevention, and player conditioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2024-0361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T18:55:22Z","timestamp":1745952922000},"page":"816-822","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Predicting Field-Sport Distances Without Global Positioning Systems in Indoor Play: A Comparative Study of Machine-Learning Techniques"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6457-7000","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Casey J.","family":"Metoyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Performance, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1167-7795","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathon R.","family":"Lever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Performance, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2141-5793","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alan","family":"Huebner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Performance, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"},{"name":"Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holland A.","family":"Bill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Tauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Science Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Labbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Military and Veteran Affairs, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8211-3783","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David M.","family":"Smiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology and Digital Studies Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Braden","family":"Kay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Science Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Sovine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Science Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9252-8210","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Hauenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4508-4271","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John P.","family":"Wagle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Performance, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"r1","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192708","article-title":"Validity and reliability of GPS and LPS for measuring distances covered and sprint mechanical properties in team sports","volume":"13","author":"Hoppe MW","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoppe MW, Baumgart C, Polglaze T, Freiwald J. 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