{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T02:53:38Z","timestamp":1793242418079,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Purpose<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> (1) To analyze the effects of postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) induced by upper-limb flywheel resistance training on serve velocity and accuracy in tennis players, (2) to compare the effects of 2 different protocols (low load [LL] vs high load [HL]), and (3) to examine whether PAPE effects are influenced by tennis players\u2019 neuromuscular performance. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Fifteen young competitive tennis players completed 1 familiarization and 3 testing sessions in a randomized order. In the control session, participants performed a warm-up protocol followed by serve-velocity and -accuracy tests. The experimental sessions included 3 sets of 6 repetitions of LL (0.02\u00a0kg\u00b7m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) or HL (0.08\u00a0kg\u00b7m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) flywheel shoulder internal rotation prior to the serve-velocity and -accuracy tests. Serve\u00a0velocity and accuracy were measured at 30\u00a0seconds and 3 and 6\u00a0minutes after each protocol. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> There were moderately significant serve-velocity differences between baseline and LL protocols at 3 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.009; 5.4% [5.8%]; effect size\u2009=\u20090.927) and 6\u00a0minutes in both LL (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.025; 5.7% [7.2%]; effect size\u2009=\u20090.793) and HL (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.026; 5.4% [6.8%]; effect size\u2009=\u20090.787) protocols. Serve accuracy remained stable in both protocols and recovery times. No associations were found between mechanical outcomes and percentage changes. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Low volume and multiple sets of shoulder internal-rotation flywheel resistance training induced serve-velocity PAPE in competitive tennis players without serve-accuracy impairment in time windows from 3 to 6\u00a0minutes. Better neuromuscular performance did not seem to favor PAPE effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2024-0458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T19:58:18Z","timestamp":1739390298000},"page":"497-503","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of Postactivation Performance Enhancement From Upper-Body Flywheel Overload on Tennis-Serve Performance"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2059-2846","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ernest","family":"Baiget","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5284-303X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jaime","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Science Department, Academia Emilio S\u00e1nchez, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7686-6594","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joshua","family":"Colomar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic\u2013Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Sport and Physical Activity Studies Center, University of Vic\u2013Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"r1","series-title":"Sports Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738111414175","article-title":"An 8-stage model for evaluating the tennis serve: implications for performance enhancement and injury prevention","volume":"3","author":"Kovacs MS","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kovacs MS, Ellenbecker TS. An 8-stage model for evaluating the tennis serve: implications for performance enhancement and injury prevention. Sports Health. 2011;3(6):504\u2013513. doi:10.1177\/1941738111414175"},{"issue":"2","key":"r2","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31818efe29","article-title":"A notational analysis of elite tennis serve and serve-return strategies on slow surface","volume":"23","author":"Gillet E","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gillet E, Leroy D, Thouvarecq R, Stein JF. A notational analysis of elite tennis serve and serve-return strategies on slow surface. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(2):532\u2013539. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31818efe29"},{"issue":"3","key":"r3","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0254","article-title":"Upper-limb force\u2013time characteristics determine serve velocity in competition tennis players","volume":"17","author":"Baiget E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baiget E, Colomar J, Corbi F. Upper-limb force\u2013time characteristics determine serve velocity in competition tennis players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2022;17(3):358\u2013366. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0254"},{"issue":"8","key":"r4","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1123\/IJSPP.2020-0350","article-title":"A new taxonomy for postactivation potentiation in sport","volume":"15","author":"Boullosa D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boullosa D, Beato M, Iacono AD, et\u00a0al. A new taxonomy for postactivation potentiation in sport. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2020;15(8):1197\u20131200. doi:10.1123\/IJSPP.2020-0350"},{"issue":"1","key":"r5","series-title":"Compr Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c150044","article-title":"Modulation of skeletal muscle contraction by myosin phosphorylation","volume":"7","author":"Vandenboom R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vandenboom R. Modulation of skeletal muscle contraction by myosin phosphorylation. Compr Physiol. 2017;7(1):171\u2013212. doi:10.1002\/cphy.c150044"},{"issue":"2","key":"r6","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0476","article-title":"Current evidence and practical applications of flywheel eccentric overload exercises as postactivation potentiation protocols: a brief review","volume":"15","author":"Beato M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beato M, McErlain-Naylor SA, Halperin I, Iacono AD. Current evidence and practical applications of flywheel eccentric overload exercises as postactivation potentiation protocols: a brief review. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2020;15(2):154\u2013161. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0476"},{"issue":"3","key":"r7","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0240","article-title":"Effects of postactivation potentiation on tennis serve velocity and accuracy","volume":"15","author":"Terraza-Rebollo M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Terraza-Rebollo M, Baiget E. Effects of postactivation potentiation on tennis serve velocity and accuracy. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2020;15(3):340\u2013345. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0240"},{"issue":"4","key":"r8","series-title":"J strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004334","article-title":"Joint-specific postactivation potentiation enhances serve velocity in young tennis players","volume":"37","author":"Baiget E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baiget E, Colomar J, Corbi F. Joint-specific postactivation potentiation enhances serve velocity in young tennis players. J strength Cond Res. 2023;37(4):840\u2013847. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004334"},{"issue":"20","key":"r9","series-title":"J Sports Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2018.1458400","article-title":"Hip thrust-based PAP effects on sprint performance of soccer players: heavy-loaded versus optimum-power development protocols","volume":"36","author":"Dello Iacono A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dello Iacono A, Seitz LB. Hip thrust-based PAP effects on sprint performance of soccer players: heavy-loaded versus optimum-power development protocols. J Sports Sci. 2018;36(20):2375\u20132382. doi:10.1080\/02640414.2018.1458400"},{"issue":"4","key":"r10","series-title":"Strength Cond J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0b013e318225d59a","article-title":"A performance evaluation of the tennis serve: implications for strength, speed, power, and flexibility training","volume":"33","author":"Kovacs MS","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kovacs MS, Ellenbecker TS. A performance evaluation of the tennis serve: implications for strength, speed, power, and flexibility training. Strength Cond J. 2011;33(4):22\u201330. doi:10.1519\/SSC.0b013e318225d59a"},{"issue":"2","key":"r11","series-title":"J Appl Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2023-0217","article-title":"Dose\u2013response effect of an inertia flywheel postactivation performance enhancement protocol on countermovement jump performance","volume":"40","author":"Hall KB","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hall KB, Immink MA, Martin DT, Bennett H, Crowther RG. Dose\u2013response effect of an inertia flywheel postactivation performance enhancement protocol on countermovement jump performance. J Appl Biomech. 2024;40(2):147\u2013154. doi:10.1123\/jab.2023-0217"},{"issue":"3","key":"r12","series-title":"Sport Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01979-x","article-title":"Current guidelines for the implementation of flywheel resistance training technology in sports: a consensus statement","volume":"54","author":"Beato M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Beato M, de Keijzer KL, Mu\u00f1oz-Lopez A, et\u00a0al. Current guidelines for the implementation of flywheel resistance training technology in sports: a consensus statement. Sport Med. 2024;54(3):541\u2013556. doi:10.1007\/s40279-023-01979-x"},{"issue":"3","key":"r13","series-title":"Biol Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2022.107020","article-title":"Effects of isoinertial or machine-based strength training on performance in tennis players","volume":"39","author":"Can\u00f3s J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Can\u00f3s J, Corbi F, Colomar J, Cirer-Sastre R, Baiget E. Effects of isoinertial or machine-based strength training on performance in tennis players. Biol Sport. 2022;39(3):505\u2013513. doi:10.5114\/biolsport.2022.107020"},{"issue":"2","key":"r14","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2022-0082","article-title":"Performance outcomes following isoinertial or machine-based training interventions in female junior tennis players","volume":"18","author":"Can\u00f3s J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Can\u00f3s J, Corbi F, Colomar J, Baiget E. Performance outcomes following isoinertial or machine-based training interventions in female junior tennis players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2023;18(2):123\u2013134. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2022-0082"},{"issue":"5","key":"r15","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004374","article-title":"The effects of a compensatory training program adding an isoinertial device in the shoulder function on young tennis players","volume":"37","author":"Fernandez-Fernandez J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fernandez-Fernandez J, Moreno-Perez V, Cools A, et\u00a0al. The effects of a compensatory training program adding an isoinertial device in the shoulder function on young tennis players. J Strength Cond Res. 2023;37(5):1096\u20131103. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004374"},{"issue":"4","key":"r16","series-title":"Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports11040076","article-title":"A systematic review of flywheel training effectiveness and application on sport specific performances","volume":"11","author":"Buonsenso A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Buonsenso A, Centorbi M, Iuliano E, et\u00a0al. A systematic review of flywheel training effectiveness and application on sport specific performances. Sports. 2023;11(4):76. doi:10.3390\/sports11040076"},{"issue":"7","key":"r17","series-title":"J strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003005","article-title":"Effects of postactivation potentiation after an eccentric overload bout on countermovement jump and lower-limb muscle strength","volume":"37","author":"Beato M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beato M, Stiff A, Coratella G. Effects of postactivation potentiation after an eccentric overload bout on countermovement jump and lower-limb muscle strength. J strength Cond Res. 2021;37(7):1825\u20131832. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003005"},{"issue":"1","key":"r18","series-title":"Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports9010005","article-title":"Post flywheel squat potentiation of vertical and horizontal ground reaction force parameters during jumps and changes of direction","volume":"9","author":"McErlain-Naylor SA","year":"2021","unstructured":"McErlain-Naylor SA, Beato M. Post flywheel squat potentiation of vertical and horizontal ground reaction force parameters during jumps and changes of direction. Sports. 2021;9(1):5. doi:10.3390\/sports9010005"},{"key":"r19","series-title":"Front Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1217045","article-title":"Post-activation performance enhancement of flywheel training on lower limb explosive power performance","volume":"14","author":"Fu K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fu K, Chen L, Poon ET-C, et\u00a0al. Post-activation performance enhancement of flywheel training on lower limb explosive power performance. Front Physiol. 2023;14:1217045. doi:10.3389\/fphys.2023.1217045"},{"issue":"12","key":"r20","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003359","article-title":"Acute effect of eccentric overload exercises on change of direction performance and lower-limb muscle contractile function","volume":"35","author":"Beato M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beato M, Madruga-Parera M, Piqueras-Sanchiz F, Moreno-P\u00e9rez V, Romero-Rodriguez D. Acute effect of eccentric overload exercises on change of direction performance and lower-limb muscle contractile function. J Strength Cond Res. 2021;35(12):3327\u20133333. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003359"},{"issue":"4","key":"r21","series-title":"Biol Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2023.122483","article-title":"Eccentric overload differences between loads and training variables on flywheel training","volume":"40","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-L\u00f3pez A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-L\u00f3pez A, Nakamura FY, Beato M. Eccentric overload differences between loads and training variables on flywheel training. Biol Sport. 2023;40(4):1151\u20131158. doi:10.5114\/biolsport.2023.122483"},{"issue":"6","key":"r22","series-title":"Sport Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01843-y","article-title":"Building for the future: a systematic review of the effects of eccentric resistance training on measures of physical performance in youth athletes","volume":"53","author":"Bright TE","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bright TE, Handford MJ, Mundy P, Lake J, Theis N, Hughes JD. Building for the future: a systematic review of the effects of eccentric resistance training on measures of physical performance in youth athletes. Sport Med. 2023;53(6):1219\u20131254. doi:10.1007\/s40279-023-01843-y"},{"issue":"3","key":"r23","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31825c2bdb","article-title":"Meta-analysis of postactivation potentiation and power: effects of conditioning activity, volume, gender, rest periods, and training status","volume":"27","author":"Wilson JMC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wilson JMC, Duncan NM, Marin PJ, et\u00a0al. Meta-analysis of postactivation potentiation and power: effects of conditioning activity, volume, gender, rest periods, and training status. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(3):854\u2013859. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31825c2bdb"},{"issue":"5","key":"r24","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.023150","article-title":"Biomechanics and tennis","volume":"40","author":"Elliott B","year":"2006","unstructured":"Elliott B. Biomechanics and tennis. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(5):392\u2013396. doi:10.1136\/bjsm.2005.023150"},{"issue":"1","key":"r25","series-title":"J Hum Kinet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2016-0028","article-title":"The relationship between maximum isometric strength and ball velocity in the tennis serve","volume":"53","author":"Baiget E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baiget E, Corbi F, Fuentes JP, Fern\u00e1ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez J. The relationship between maximum isometric strength and ball velocity in the tennis serve. J Hum Kinet. 2016;53(1):63\u201371. doi:10.1515\/hukin-2016-0028"},{"issue":"12","key":"r26","series-title":"Med Sci Sport Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000147583.13209.61","article-title":"Authentic evaluation of forehand groundstrokes in young low- to intermediate-level tennis players","volume":"36","author":"Vergauwen L","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vergauwen L, Madou B, Behets D. Authentic evaluation of forehand groundstrokes in young low- to intermediate-level tennis players. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2004;36(12):2099\u20132106. doi:10.1249\/01.MSS.0000147583.13209.61"},{"key":"r27","series-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences","author":"Cohen J","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences. 2nd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988."},{"issue":"1","key":"r28","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","volume":"41","author":"Hopkins WG","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hopkins WG, Marshall SW, Batterham AM, Hanin J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(1):3\u201313. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278"},{"issue":"2","key":"r29","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1123\/IJSPP.2022-0292","article-title":"Six-week joint-specific isometric strength training improves serve velocity in young tennis players","volume":"18","author":"Baiget E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baiget E, Colomar J, Corbi F. Six-week joint-specific isometric strength training improves serve velocity in young tennis players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2022;18(2):148\u2013156. doi:10.1123\/IJSPP.2022-0292"},{"issue":"4","key":"r30","series-title":"Biol Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2024.139075","article-title":"Heavier loads in flywheel exercise induce greater post-activation performance enhancement in countermovement jumps compared to heavy Smith machine squats in males","volume":"41","author":"Shi J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shi J, Yan B, Yu M, et\u00a0al. Heavier loads in flywheel exercise induce greater post-activation performance enhancement in countermovement jumps compared to heavy Smith machine squats in males. Biol Sport. 2024;41(4):231\u2013240. doi:10.5114\/biolsport.2024.139075"},{"issue":"5","key":"r31","series-title":"Int J Perform Anal Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2019.1653036","article-title":"Variations in kinematic variables and performance in the tennis serve according to age and skill level","volume":"19","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Dav\u00f3 JL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Dav\u00f3 JL, Moreno FJ, Sanz-Rivas D, Hern\u00e1ndez-Dav\u00f3 H, Coves \u00c1, Caballero C. Variations in kinematic variables and performance in the tennis serve according to age and skill level. Int J Perform Anal Sport. 2019;19(5):749\u2013762. doi:10.1080\/24748668.2019.1653036"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/20\/4\/article-p497.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/20\/4\/article-p497.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/20\/4\/article-p497.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T10:36:13Z","timestamp":1742898973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/20\/4\/article-p497.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2024-0458","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-0265","1555-0273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-0265","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-0273","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}}}