{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:07:31Z","timestamp":1750219651394,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Flywheel resistance-training technology has been shown to be effective in improving sport performance and reducing the risk of injuries. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different velocity-loss thresholds and moments of inertia on immediate postexercise neuromuscular fatigue during the flywheel half-squat exercise. The study followed a crossover design. Twenty physically healthy participants (15 men and 6 women) participated in the study. They completed 9 workout conditions combining 3 training intensities (inertia: 0.050, 0.100, and 0.150\u00a0kg\u00b7m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) and 3 velocity-loss thresholds (5%, 10%, and 15%) during the flywheel half-squat exercise. Conditions were administered in random order. Neuromuscular performance tests, including peak isometric force and maximum rate of force development measured by the isometric squat test, as well as the countermovement jump, were performed before and immediately after each exercise condition. In addition, a countermovement jump was performed 5\u00a0minutes postexercise. Peak isometric force significantly dropped by about 15.58% (16.70%) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001, <jats:inline-formula\/>). However, maximum rate of force development was similarly affected by time but also by the velocity-loss threshold (5%\u00a0\u2248\u00a010%\u2009&lt;\u200915%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.011, <jats:inline-formula\/>). Countermovement-jump performance varied significantly with time, inertia, and velocity loss (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.015, <jats:inline-formula\/>), showing a greater impact with higher speed loss (15%) compared with lower (5% and 10%). Speed losses above 10%, especially up to 0.150\u00a0kg\u00b7m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, caused significant loss of neuromuscular performance, particularly in actions requiring high-velocity force. Coaches and practitioners can use velocity-based training to individualize the training volume and adjust a desired postexercise acute fatigue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2024-0504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T17:32:25Z","timestamp":1748626345000},"page":"993-1001","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How Different Velocity-Loss Thresholds Impact Acute Neuromuscular Fatigue in Flywheel Resistance Training"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1206-8697","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"M\u00e1rmol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6891-391X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Raul","family":"Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Studies Research Group in Neuromuscular Responses, University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9969-9573","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Borja","family":"Sa\u00f1udo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education and Sports Department, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4166-3877","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"F. Javier","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Performance & Sports Research, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"r1","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000929","article-title":"Translating fatigue to human performance","volume":"48","author":"Enoka RM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Enoka RM, Duchateau J. Translating fatigue to human performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(11):2228\u20132238. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000929"},{"issue":"11","key":"r2","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1007\/S40279-019-01134-5","article-title":"Is fatigue a risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament rupture?","volume":"49","author":"Bourne MN","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bourne MN, Webster KE, Hewett TE. Is fatigue a risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament rupture? Sports Med. 2019;49(11):1629\u20131635. doi:10.1007\/S40279-019-01134-5"},{"issue":"5","key":"r3","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1136\/BJSPORTS-2015-095788","article-title":"The training-injury prevention paradox: should athletes be training smarter and harder?","volume":"50","author":"Gabbett TJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gabbett TJ. The training-injury prevention paradox: should athletes be training smarter and harder? Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):273\u2013280. doi:10.1136\/BJSPORTS-2015-095788"},{"issue":"2","key":"r4","series-title":"Strength Cond J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1519\/ssc.0000000000000560","article-title":"Velocity-based training: from theory to application","volume":"43","author":"Weakley J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weakley J, Mann B, Banyard H, McLaren S, Scott T, Garcia-Ramos A. Velocity-based training: from theory to application. Strength Cond J. 2021;43(2):31\u201349. doi:10.1519\/ssc.0000000000000560"},{"issue":"4","key":"r5","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0862-z","article-title":"The importance of muscular strength: training considerations","volume":"48","author":"Suchomel TJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Suchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Bellon CR, Stone MH. The importance of muscular strength: training considerations. Sports Med. 2018;48(4):765\u2013785. doi:10.1007\/s40279-018-0862-z"},{"issue":"10","key":"r6","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01488-9","article-title":"Training for muscular strength: methods for monitoring and adjusting training intensity","volume":"51","author":"Suchomel TJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Suchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Bellon CR, Hornsby WG, Stone MH. Training for muscular strength: methods for monitoring and adjusting training intensity. Sports Med. 2021;51(10):2051\u20132066. doi:10.1007\/s40279-021-01488-9"},{"issue":"9","key":"r7","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318213f880","article-title":"Velocity loss as an indicator of neuromuscular fatigue during resistance training","volume":"43","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Medina L","year":"2011","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Medina L, Gonz\u00e1lez-Badillo JJ. Velocity loss as an indicator of neuromuscular fatigue during resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(9):1725\u20131734. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318213f880"},{"key":"r8","series-title":"J Strenght Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003805","article-title":"Role of the effort index in predicting neuromuscular fatigue during resistance exercises","volume":"10","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rosell D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rosell D, Ya\u00f1ez-Garc\u00eda JM, Mora-Custodio R, Torres-Torrelo J, Ribas-Serna J, Gonz\u00e1lez-Badillo JJ. Role of the effort index in predicting neuromuscular fatigue during resistance exercises. J Strenght Cond Res. 2020;10:805. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003805"},{"issue":"6","key":"r9","series-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12348","article-title":"Acute and delayed response to resistance exercise leading or not leading to muscle failure","volume":"37","author":"Pareja-Blanco F","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pareja-Blanco F, Rodr\u00edguez-Rosell D, S\u00e1nchez-Medina L, et\u00a0al. Acute and delayed response to resistance exercise leading or not leading to muscle failure. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2017;37(6):630\u2013639. doi:10.1111\/cpf.12348"},{"issue":"5","key":"r10","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1575-7","article-title":"Flywheel resistance training calls for greater eccentric muscle activation than weight training","volume":"110","author":"Norrbrand L","year":"2010","unstructured":"Norrbrand L, Pozzo M, Tesch PA. Flywheel resistance training calls for greater eccentric muscle activation than weight training. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;110(5):997\u20131005. doi:10.1007\/s00421-010-1575-7"},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Sports Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2020.1761993","article-title":"Influence of gravity on biomechanics in flywheel squat and leg press","volume":"25","author":"Sj\u00f6berg M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6berg M, Berg HE, Norrbrand L, et\u00a0al. Influence of gravity on biomechanics in flywheel squat and leg press. Sports Biomech. 2020;25:993. doi:10.1080\/14763141.2020.1761993"},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S40279-023-01979-X","article-title":"Current guidelines for the implementation of flywheel resistance training technology in sports: a consensus statement","volume":"10","author":"Beato M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Beato M, de Keijzer KL, Mu\u00f1oz-Lopez A, et\u00a0al. Current guidelines for the implementation of flywheel resistance training technology in sports: a consensus statement. Sports Med. 2024;10:1979. doi:10.1007\/S40279-023-01979-X"},{"issue":"24","key":"r13","series-title":"Sensors","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20247156","article-title":"Influence of strength level on the acute post-activation performance enhancement following flywheel and free weight resistance training","volume":"20","author":"Sa\u00f1udo B","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sa\u00f1udo B, de Hoyo M, Haff GGG, Mu\u00f1oz-L\u00f3pez A. Influence of strength level on the acute post-activation performance enhancement following flywheel and free weight resistance training. Sensors. 2020;20(24):156. doi:10.3390\/s20247156"},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Front Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.961572","article-title":"Use of concentric linear velocity to monitor flywheel exercise load","volume":"13","author":"Mart\u00edn-Rivera F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Rivera F, Beato M, Alepuz-Moner V, Maroto-Izquierdo S. Use of concentric linear velocity to monitor flywheel exercise load. Front Physiol. 2022;13:1572. doi:10.3389\/fphys.2022.961572"},{"issue":"6","key":"r15","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001635","article-title":"Effects of inertial setting on power, force, work, and eccentric overload during flywheel resistance exercise in women and men","volume":"31","author":"Martinez-Aranda LMM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martinez-Aranda LMM, Fernandez-Gonzalo R. Effects of inertial setting on power, force, work, and eccentric overload during flywheel resistance exercise in women and men. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31(6):1653\u20131661. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001635"},{"issue":"4","key":"r16","series-title":"Sports Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2018.1433715","article-title":"Characterising overload in inertial flywheel devices for use in exercise training","volume":"18","author":"Carroll KM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carroll KM, Wagle JP, Sato K, et\u00a0al. Characterising overload in inertial flywheel devices for use in exercise training. Sports Biomech. 2019;18(4):390\u2013401. doi:10.1080\/14763141.2018.1433715"},{"key":"r17","series-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","author":"Cohen J","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associated Publishers; 1988. doi:10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"issue":"1","key":"r18","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","volume":"41","author":"Hopkins WG","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hopkins WG, Marshall SW, Batterham AM, Hanin J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(1):3\u201313. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278"},{"key":"r19","series-title":"bioRxiv","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.20.436242","article-title":"Why humans are stronger but not faster after isometric strength training: specific neural, not muscular, motor unit adaptations","volume":"10","author":"Vecchio AD","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vecchio AD, Casolo A, Dideriksen J, et\u00a0al. Why humans are stronger but not faster after isometric strength training: specific neural, not muscular, motor unit adaptations. bioRxiv. 2021;10:242. doi:10.1101\/2021.03.20.436242"},{"issue":"1","key":"r20","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-005-0070-z","article-title":"Influence of maximal muscle strength and intrinsic muscle contractile properties on contractile rate of force development","volume":"96","author":"Andersen LL","year":"2006","unstructured":"Andersen LL, Aagaard P. Influence of maximal muscle strength and intrinsic muscle contractile properties on contractile rate of force development. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;96(1):46\u201352. doi:10.1007\/s00421-005-0070-z"},{"issue":"6","key":"r21","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1152\/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00543.2006","article-title":"Training adaptations in the behavior of human motor units","volume":"101","author":"Duchateau J","year":"2006","unstructured":"Duchateau J, Semmler JG, Enoka RM. Training adaptations in the behavior of human motor units. J Appl Physiol. 2006;101(6):1766\u20131775. doi:10.1152\/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00543.2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"r22","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1152\/JN.00347.2016","article-title":"The compensatory interaction between motor unit firing behavior and muscle force during fatigue","volume":"116","author":"Contessa P","year":"2016","unstructured":"Contessa P, De Luca CJ, Kline JC. The compensatory interaction between motor unit firing behavior and muscle force during fatigue. J Neurophysiol. 2016;116(4):1579\u20131585. doi:10.1152\/JN.00347.2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"r23","series-title":"Acta Physiol Scand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0001-6772.2003.01225.x","article-title":"Muscle hypertrophy following 5-week resistance training using a non-gravity-dependent exercise system","volume":"180","author":"Tesch PA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tesch PA, Ekberg A, Lindquist DM, Trieschmann JT. Muscle hypertrophy following 5-week resistance training using a non-gravity-dependent exercise system. Acta Physiol Scand. 2004;180(1):89\u201398. doi:10.1046\/j.0001-6772.2003.01225.x"},{"issue":"9","key":"r24","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181d392e8","article-title":"Changes in the eccentric phase contribute to improved stretch-shorten cycle performance after training","volume":"42","author":"Cormie P","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cormie P, McGuigan MR, Newton RU. Changes in the eccentric phase contribute to improved stretch-shorten cycle performance after training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(9):1731\u20131744. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181d392e8"},{"issue":"12","key":"r25","series-title":"J Sports Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2015.1090010","article-title":"Movement velocity as a measure of exercise intensity in three lower limb exercises","volume":"34","author":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o F","year":"2016","unstructured":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o F, Fernandes J, Lewis M, Gonzal\u00e9z-Badillo JJ, Jimen\u00e9z-Reyes P. Movement velocity as a measure of exercise intensity in three lower limb exercises. J Sports Sci. 2016;34(12):1099\u20131106. doi:10.1080\/02640414.2015.1090010"},{"issue":"3","key":"r26","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-817923","article-title":"Swimming and cycling overloaded training in triathlon has no effect on running kinematics and economy","volume":"26","author":"Palazetti S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Palazetti S, Margaritis I, Guezennec CY. Swimming and cycling overloaded training in triathlon has no effect on running kinematics and economy. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2005;26(3):193\u2013199. doi:10.1055\/s-2004-817923"},{"issue":"1","key":"r27","series-title":"Int J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1055\/S-0035-1549923","article-title":"Eccentric fatigue modulates stretch-shortening cycle effectiveness--a possible role in lower limb overuse injuries","volume":"37","author":"Debenham J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Debenham J, Travers M, Gibson W, Campbell A, Allison G. Eccentric fatigue modulates stretch-shortening cycle effectiveness--a possible role in lower limb overuse injuries. Int J Sports Med. 2016;37(1):50\u201355. doi:10.1055\/S-0035-1549923"},{"issue":"4","key":"r28","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0059","article-title":"The high-pull exercise: a comparison between a versapulley flywheel device and the free weight","volume":"12","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez FJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez FJ, Suarez-Arrones LJ, Cater P, et\u00a0al. The high-pull exercise: a comparison between a versapulley flywheel device and the free weight. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2017;12(4):527\u2013532. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0059"},{"issue":"3","key":"r29","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31825c2bdb","article-title":"Meta-analysis of postactivation potentiation and power: effects of conditioning activity, volume, gender, rest periods, and training status","volume":"27","author":"Wilson JMC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wilson JMC, Duncan NM, Marin PJ, et\u00a0al. Meta-analysis of postactivation potentiation and power: effects of conditioning activity, volume, gender, rest periods, and training status. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(3):854\u2013859. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31825c2bdb"},{"issue":"2","key":"r30","series-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness","first-page":"111","article-title":"The effects of rest interval length and training on quadriceps femoris muscle. part I: knee extensor torque and muscle fatigue","volume":"44","author":"Pincivero DM","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pincivero DM, Campy RM. The effects of rest interval length and training on quadriceps femoris muscle. part I: knee extensor torque and muscle fatigue. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2004;44(2):111\u2013118. PubMed ID: 15470307"},{"issue":"1","key":"r31","series-title":"J Hum Kinet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2020-0029","article-title":"Effects of different inertial load settings on power output using a flywheel leg curl exercise and its inter-session reliability","volume":"74","author":"Piqueras-Sanchiz F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Piqueras-Sanchiz F, Sabido R, Raya-Gonz\u00e1lez J, et\u00a0al. Effects of different inertial load settings on power output using a flywheel leg curl exercise and its inter-session reliability. J Hum Kinet. 2020;74(1):215\u2013226. doi:10.2478\/hukin-2020-0029"},{"issue":"23","key":"r32","series-title":"Sensors","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8124","DOI":"10.3390\/s21238124","article-title":"The maximum flywheel load: a novel index to monitor loading intensity of flywheel devices","volume":"10","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-L\u00f3pez A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-L\u00f3pez A, Floria P, Sa\u00f1udo B, Pecci J, Carmona J, Pozzo M. The maximum flywheel load: a novel index to monitor loading intensity of flywheel devices. Sensors. 2021;10(23):8124\u20138126. doi:10.3390\/s21238124"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/20\/7\/article-p993.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/20\/7\/article-p993.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/20\/7\/article-p993.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T15:12:36Z","timestamp":1750173156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/20\/7\/article-p993.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2024-0504","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-0265","1555-0273"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1555-0265"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1555-0273"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]}}}