{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:09:16Z","timestamp":1789517356213,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Purpose<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Preseason in football is crucial for optimizing physical fitness, team cohesion, and tactical readiness. This study investigated the effects of 2 distinct preseason training environments\u2014mild\u00a0altitude with cooler conditions and sea\u00a0level with higher heat and humidity\u2014on cardiovascular fitness, readiness, and match intensity in professional football players. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Fifteen elite male players were monitored during 2 consecutive preseasons (2023\u201324 and 2024\u201325), with external- and internal-load parameters assessed via global positioning systems and heart-rate (HR) tracking systems. Cardiovascular fitness was evaluated using HR responses during submaximal running tests (HR<jats:sub>ex<\/jats:sub>) and machine-learning models (\u0394 HR), and readiness was assessed through vertical stiffness (Kvert) and locomotor efficiency (\u0394 PL), also using machine-learning approaches. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Multilevel regression analysis indicated that general fitness, represented by HRex, improved independently of environmental conditions and was primarily influenced by cumulative training load (<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.045, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.004). However, specific fitness (\u0394 HR) improved more significantly under higher temperatures (\u03b3\u2009=\u20098.188, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.009). Increased heat exposure reduced readiness levels, as reflected by declines in Kvert and \u0394 PL by the end of the sea-level preseason. Match intensity showed no significant differences between environments. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Sea-level preseason training environments appear to promote faster specific fitness gains, likely due to cardiovascular adaptations. We hypothesize that these adaptations could be related to the effects of heat exposure, such as plasma volume expansion. However, it also results in lower readiness levels, affecting vertical stiffness and locomotor efficiency. These findings provide valuable insights for designing preseason programs to balance cardiovascular fitness gains and fatigue mitigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2024-0555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T19:26:23Z","timestamp":1753212383000},"page":"1253-1264","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Impact of Preseason Training Camps on Fitness, Fatigue, and Performance in Professional Football Players: Mildaltitude Camp Versus Sea-Level Camp"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5858-2758","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mauro","family":"Mandorino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Performance and Analytics Department, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico,\u201d Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5373-2211","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marco","family":"Beato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1082-0200","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Lacome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Performance and Analytics Department, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Sport Expertise and Performance Laboratory, French National Institute of Sports (INSEP), Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"Science and Football (Routledge Revivals)","first-page":"164","article-title":"Pre-season fitness profiles of professional soccer players","author":"White JE","year":"2013","unstructured":"White JE, Emery TM, Kane JE, Groves R, Risman AB. 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