{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:52:06Z","timestamp":1785199926507,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Introduction<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    While physiological predictors like maximal oxygen uptake and lactate threshold are well established in cycling, psychological factors such as affective load and effort perception remain less studied.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Purpose<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    The aim of this study was to explore the possible differences in psychophysiological responses between professional and national-level cyclists during a race simulation.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Twenty-four male cyclists (12 professionals and 12 national level) matched for\n                    <jats:inline-formula\/>\n                    (75.2 [5.9] vs 74.3 [7.1]\u00a0mL\u00b7min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b7kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) performed a 60-minute treadmill cycling test simulating race-end conditions. Power output (PO), heart rate, respiratory frequency, electroencephalographic-derived neural efficiency, perceptual responses (effort, pain, pleasure), and motivation were recorded. Professionals trained 795 (120)\u00a0h\u00b7y\n                    <jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\n                    , compared with 388 (202)\u00a0h\u00b7y\n                    <jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\n                    for nationals. Exercise intensities were determined using individualized PO values, with participants\u2019 self-regulating treadmill velocity via real-time feedback.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Compared to national-level cyclists, professionals sustained higher relative PO (5.3 [1.9] vs 4.8 [1.6]\u00a0W\u00b7kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001,\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.97) and affective load (2.8 [4.3] vs. 0.6 [3.7],\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.047,\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.75). The professionals also reported a greater perceived effort (6.0 [2.7] vs 5.1 [2.3],\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.023,\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.67). No significant differences were found for heart rate, respiratory frequency, or neural efficiency.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Professional cyclists exhibited superior PO and effort tolerance despite lower pleasure, underscoring the importance of psychological resilience in professional races. These results suggest that tailored training programs aimed at improving tolerance to high-intensity efforts may benefit national-level cyclists seeking to transition to the professional level.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2025-0016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T06:27:49Z","timestamp":1756794469000},"page":"1471-1480","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Comparative Analysis Between National-Level and Young Professional Road Cyclists: A Psychophysiological Approach"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0111-6610","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thibaud","family":"Pirlot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LabCom Athl\u00e8te Mat\u00e9riel Environnement, Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire Culture, Sport, Sant\u00e9, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9\u2014(UR 4660), Universit\u00e9 Marie Louis Pasteur, UFR STAPS Besan\u00e7on, Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5835-2090","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bertrand","family":"Baron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Culture, Sport, Sant\u00e9, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9\u2014(UR 4660), Universit\u00e9 Marie Louis Pasteur, UFR STAPS Besan\u00e7on, Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"UMR 228 Espace, Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5436-6214","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Victor","family":"Scholler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LabCom Athl\u00e8te Mat\u00e9riel Environnement, Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire Culture, Sport, Sant\u00e9, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9\u2014(UR 4660), Universit\u00e9 Marie Louis Pasteur, UFR STAPS Besan\u00e7on, Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"\u00c9quipe Cycliste Professionnelle Groupama-FDJ\u2014Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Gestion de l\u2019\u00c9chapp\u00e9e, Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Grappe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LabCom Athl\u00e8te Mat\u00e9riel Environnement, Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire Culture, Sport, Sant\u00e9, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9\u2014(UR 4660), Universit\u00e9 Marie Louis Pasteur, UFR STAPS Besan\u00e7on, Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"\u00c9quipe Cycliste Professionnelle Groupama-FDJ\u2014Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Gestion de l\u2019\u00c9chapp\u00e9e, Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9302-5183","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Pageaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire de G\u00e9riatrie de Montr\u00e9al (CRIUGM), Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"\u00c9cole de Kin\u00e9siologie et des Sciences de l\u2019activite Physique (EKSAP), Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche Sur le cerveau et L\u2019apprentissage (CIRCA), Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0821-448X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alain","family":"Groslambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LabCom Athl\u00e8te Mat\u00e9riel Environnement, Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire Culture, Sport, Sant\u00e9, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9\u2014(UR 4660), Universit\u00e9 Marie Louis Pasteur, UFR STAPS Besan\u00e7on, Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"r1","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200535040-00002","article-title":"The science of cycling: physiology and training part 1","volume":"35","author":"Faria EW","year":"2005","unstructured":"Faria EW, Parker DL, Faria IE. 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