{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:42:09Z","timestamp":1787168529224,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"abstract":"\n \n Purpose<\/jats:bold>\n :\n <\/jats:italic>\n This study aimed to retrospectively analyze the day-to-day mode periodization of endurance training among world-class cross-country skiers.\n \n Methods<\/jats:bold>\n :\n <\/jats:italic>\n Three hundred sixty-five days of self-reported endurance training from 17 (7 female) world-class cross-country skiers (28 [3]\u00a0y) were retrospectively analyzed. The data included information on session duration, intensity, and modality (eg,\u00a0skating and classical skiing, roller skiing, running, cycling, kayaking, and others) and was separated into the general preparation (GP) and competition period (CP). Mode monotony was calculated as the proportion of the most applied mode.\n \n Results<\/jats:bold>\n :\n <\/jats:italic>\n Mean weekly mode monotony was 48.3% (4.3%) during GP\u00a0and 55.0% (5.2%) during CP and correlated negatively with weekly training load (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u2212.5,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001). The time gaps between sessions with the same mode (0 [same day]\/1\/2\/3\/4\/5+\u00a0d) were distributed as 5\/43\/25\/12\/6\/10% during GP and 5\/47\/21\/12\/11\/15% during CP. During GP, 21% of intensive sessions were performed \u226514\u00a0days after the previous intensive session in the same mode, while the remaining sessions were spread evenly across 0 to 13\u00a0days, with each interval accounting for <10%. This trend reversed during CP, with 18% (6%) of intensive sessions (including races) in the same mode on consecutive days and other time gaps \u226411%.\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\n :\n <\/jats:italic>\n This study provides new insights into the day-to-day application of different exercise modes by world-class cross-country skiers. The findings indicate high variability in exercise modes, with mode\u00a0monotony rarely exceeding 50%. While skiers frequently applied the same mode with gaps of 1 to 3\u00a0days, intensive sessions using the same mode were typically separated by longer intervals, except for gaps related to competitions.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2025-0069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T03:48:47Z","timestamp":1749613727000},"page":"1060-1067","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Role of Exercise-Mode Variation in Daily Load Management Among World-Class Cross-Country Skiers"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4108-7566","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jacob","family":"Walther","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Therapy, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6360-6814","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jan","family":"Kocbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Elite Sport Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9014-5152","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"\u00d8yvind","family":"Sandbakk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"Front Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1288606","article-title":"From juniors to seniors: changes in training characteristics and aerobic power in 17 world-class cross-country skiers","volume":"14","author":"Walther J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Walther J, Haugen T, Solli GS, T\u00f8nnessen E, Sandbakk \u00d8. From juniors to seniors: changes in training characteristics and aerobic power in 17 world-class cross-country skiers. Front Physiol. 2023;14:1288606. doi:10.3389\/fphys.2023.1288606"},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Front Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.01069","article-title":"The training characteristics of the world\u2019s most successful female cross-country skier","volume":"8","author":"Solli GS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Solli GS, T\u00f8nnessen E, Sandbakk \u00d8. The training characteristics of the world\u2019s most successful female cross-country skier. Front Physiol. 2017;8:1069. doi:10.3389\/fphys.2017.01069"},{"issue":"7","key":"r3","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101796","article-title":"The road to gold: training and peaking characteristics in the year prior to a gold medal endurance performance","volume":"9","author":"T\u00f8nnessen E","year":"2014","unstructured":"T\u00f8nnessen E, Sylta \u00d8, Haugen TA, Hem E, Svendsen IS, Seiler S. The road to gold: training and peaking characteristics in the year prior to a gold medal endurance performance. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e101796. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0101796"},{"issue":"1","key":"r4","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2013-0373","article-title":"A reappraisal of success factors for Olympic cross-country skiing","volume":"9","author":"Sandbakk \u00d8","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sandbakk \u00d8, Holmberg HC. A reappraisal of success factors for Olympic cross-country skiing. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2014;9(1):117\u2013121. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2013-0373"},{"issue":"8","key":"r5","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol\u00a0Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0749","article-title":"Physiological capacity and training routines of elite cross-country skiers: approaching the upper limits of human endurance","volume":"12","author":"Sandbakk \u00d8","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sandbakk \u00d8, Holmberg HC. Physiological capacity and training routines of elite cross-country skiers: approaching the upper limits of human endurance. Int J Sports Physiol\u00a0Perform. 2017;12(8):1003\u20131011. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0749"},{"issue":"10","key":"r6","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0000000000003493","article-title":"Predicting musculoskeletal loading at common running injury locations using machine learning and instrumented insoles","volume":"56","author":"Van Hooren B","year":"2024","unstructured":"Van Hooren B, Van Rengs L, Meijer K. Predicting musculoskeletal loading at common running injury locations using machine learning and instrumented insoles. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2024;56(10):2059\u20132075. doi:10.1249\/mss.0000000000003493"},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2023-0541","article-title":"The evolvement of session design from junior age to senior peak performance in world-class cross-country skiers","volume":"10","author":"Walther J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Walther J, Haugen T, Solli GS, T\u00f8nnessen E, Sandbakk \u00d8. The evolvement of session design from junior age to senior peak performance in world-class cross-country skiers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2024;10:541. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2023-0541"},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Front Psychol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00456","article-title":"Repeated measures correlation","volume":"8","author":"Bakdash JZ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bakdash JZ, Marusich LR. Repeated measures correlation. Front Psychol. 2017;8:456. doi:10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00456"},{"issue":"1","key":"r9","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","volume":"41","author":"Hopkins WG","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hopkins WG, Marshall SW, Batterham AM, Hanin J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(1):3\u201312. doi:10.1249\/mss.0b013e31818cb278"},{"issue":"7","key":"r10","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3180537201","article-title":"Evaluation of an upper-body strength test for the cross-country skiing sprint","volume":"39","author":"St\u00f6ggl T","year":"2007","unstructured":"St\u00f6ggl T, Lindinger S, M\u00fcller E. Evaluation of an upper-body strength test for the cross-country skiing sprint. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(7):1160\u20131169. doi:10.1249\/mss.0b013e3180537201"},{"issue":"6","key":"r11","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.01078.x","article-title":"General strength and kinetics: fundamental to sprinting faster in cross country skiing?","volume":"21","author":"St\u00f6ggl T","year":"2011","unstructured":"St\u00f6ggl T, M\u00fcller E, Ainegren M, Holmberg HC. General strength and kinetics: fundamental to sprinting faster in cross country skiing? Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2011;21(6):791\u2013803. doi:10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.01078.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"r12","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2006.00592.x","article-title":"Lung function, arterial saturation and oxygen uptake in elite cross country skiers: influence of exercise mode","volume":"17","author":"Holmberg HC","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holmberg HC, Rosdahl H, Svedenhag J. Lung function, arterial saturation and oxygen uptake in elite cross country skiers: influence of exercise mode. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2007;17(4):437\u2013444. doi:10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2006.00592.x"},{"issue":"8","key":"r13","series-title":"Int J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-964896","article-title":"Factors related to top running speed and economy","volume":"28","author":"Nummela A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nummela A, Ker\u00e4nen T, Mikkelsson L. Factors related to top running speed and economy. Int J Sports Med. 2007;28(8):655\u2013661. doi:10.1055\/s-2007-964896"},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Front Sports Act Living","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2019.00053","article-title":"Humans optimize ground contact time and leg stiffness to minimize the metabolic cost of running","volume":"1","author":"Moore IS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moore IS, Ashford KJ, Cross C, Hope J, Jones HSR, McCarthy-Ryan M. Humans optimize ground contact time and leg stiffness to minimize the metabolic cost of running. Front Sports Act Living. 2019;1:53. doi:10.3389\/fspor.2019.00053"},{"issue":"14","key":"r15","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20146405","article-title":"An analysis of running impact on different surfaces for injury prevention","volume":"20","author":"Ferro-S\u00e1nchez A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferro-S\u00e1nchez A, Mart\u00edn-Castellanos A, de la Rubia A, Garc\u00eda-Aliaga A, Hontoria-Gal\u00e1n M, Marquina M. An analysis of running impact on different surfaces for injury prevention. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(14):6405. doi:10.3390\/ijerph20146405"},{"issue":"4","key":"r16","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol\u00a0Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0022","article-title":"The influence of exercise modality on training load management","volume":"16","author":"Sandbakk \u00d8","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sandbakk \u00d8, Haugen T, Ettema G. The influence of exercise modality on training load management. Int J Sports Physiol\u00a0Perform. 2021;16(4):605\u2013608. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0022"},{"issue":"11","key":"r17","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol\u00a0Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2022-0212","article-title":"One long versus 2 short sessions? Physiological and perceptual responses to low-intensity training at self-selected speeds in cross-country skiers","volume":"17","author":"Talsnes RK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Talsnes RK, Nordg\u00e5rden S, Kocbach J, Solli GS. One long versus 2 short sessions? Physiological and perceptual responses to low-intensity training at self-selected speeds in cross-country skiers. Int J Sports Physiol\u00a0Perform. 2022;17(11):1590\u20131598. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2022-0212"},{"issue":"3","key":"r18","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol\u00a0Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2018-0360","article-title":"Increasing oxygen uptake in well-trained cross-country skiers during work intervals with a fast start","volume":"15","author":"R\u00f8nnestad BR","year":"2020","unstructured":"R\u00f8nnestad BR, R\u00f8mer T, Hansen J. Increasing oxygen uptake in well-trained cross-country skiers during work intervals with a fast start. Int J Sports Physiol\u00a0Perform. 2020;15(3):383\u2013389. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2018-0360"},{"issue":"3","key":"r19","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0226","article-title":"Increasing oxygen uptake in cross-country skiers by speed variation in work intervals","volume":"17","author":"R\u00f8nnestad BR","year":"2022","unstructured":"R\u00f8nnestad BR, Bakken TA, Thyli V, Hansen J, Ellefsen S, Hammarstr\u00f8m D. Increasing oxygen uptake in cross-country skiers by speed variation in work intervals. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2022;17(3):384\u2013390. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0226"},{"key":"r20","series-title":"Front Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1089867","article-title":"The return from underperformance to sustainable world-class level: a case study of a male cross-country skier","volume":"13","author":"Talsnes RK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Talsnes RK, Moxnes EF, Nystad T, Sandbakk \u00d8. The return from underperformance to sustainable world-class level: a case study of a male cross-country skier. Front Physiol. 2023;13:1089867. doi:10.3389\/fphys.2022.1089867"},{"issue":"2","key":"r21","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12418","article-title":"5\u2010week block periodization increases aerobic power in elite cross\u2010country skiers","volume":"26","author":"R\u00f8nnestad BR","year":"2016","unstructured":"R\u00f8nnestad BR, Hansen J, Thyli V, Bakken TA, Sandbakk \u00d8. 5\u2010week block periodization increases aerobic power in elite cross\u2010country skiers. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2016;26(2):140\u2013146. doi:10.1111\/sms.12418"},{"key":"r22","series-title":"Open Access J Sports Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2147\/oajsm.s180408","article-title":"Block periodization of endurance training\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"M\u00f8lmen KS","year":"2019","unstructured":"M\u00f8lmen KS, \u00d8fsteng SJ, R\u00f8nnestad BR. Block periodization of endurance training\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Access J Sports Medicine. 2019;10:145\u2013160. doi:10.2147\/oajsm.s180408"},{"issue":"1","key":"r23","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2012.01485.x","article-title":"Block periodization of high\u2010intensity aerobic intervals provides superior training effects in trained cyclists","volume":"24","author":"R\u00f8nnestad BR","year":"2014","unstructured":"R\u00f8nnestad BR, Hansen J, Ellefsen S. Block periodization of high\u2010intensity aerobic intervals provides superior training effects in trained cyclists. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2014;24(1):34\u201342. doi:10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2012.01485.x"},{"key":"r24","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02067-4","article-title":"Training session models in endurance sports: a Norwegian perspective on best practice recommendations","volume":"10","author":"T\u00f8nnessen E","year":"2024","unstructured":"T\u00f8nnessen E, Sandbakk \u00d8, Sandbakk SB, Seiler S, Haugen T. Training session models in endurance sports: a Norwegian perspective on best practice recommendations. Sports Med. 2024;10:2067. doi:10.1007\/s40279-024-02067-4"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/20\/8\/article-p1060.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/20\/8\/article-p1060.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/20\/8\/article-p1060.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T15:08:44Z","timestamp":1753801724000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/20\/8\/article-p1060.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2025-0069","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-0265","1555-0273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-0265","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-0273","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}}}