{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T13:51:23Z","timestamp":1785937883781,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Background<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Accurate assessment of rapid force production is essential for monitoring adaptations to ballistic speed\u2013strength training, a modality central to athletic performance enhancement. Both dynamic (eg,\u00a0countermovement-jump height or drop-jump reactive strength index) and isometric (eg,\u00a0rate of force development) tests are commonly used, yet their relative sensitivity to training-induced change remains unclear.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Purpose<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    To systematically review and analyze the literature to establish whether measures of dynamic or isometric rapid force production were more sensitive to ballistic speed\u2013strength training. In addition, subgroup analysis was performed to evaluate whether the type and temporal aspects of isometric test and associated measures had an impact on the effect.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    A systematic search of databases for eligible articles was conducted up to February 2025. A multivariate random-effects meta-analysis with adjustment for within-study dependencies was employed.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Five studies yielded 15 isometric\u2013dynamic change comparisons, and a total of 82 participants were included in the final analysis. The pooled analysis indicated no significant difference between isometric and dynamic measures following ballistic speed\u2013strength training. Prediction intervals were wide, indicating substantial variability in outcomes across settings. Subgroup analyses similarly revealed no consistent moderating effect.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    : The magnitude of change in isometric versus dynamic measures of rapid force production can be expected to vary considerably in future practical or experimental settings following ballistic speed\u2013strength training. Practitioners should closely monitor individual responses and avoid assuming uniform training effects for these 2 forms of testing across all athletes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2025-0297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T08:01:14Z","timestamp":1761811274000},"page":"1625-1635","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Sensitivity of Isometric Versus Ballistic Measures of Rapid Force Production Following Ballistic Speed\u2013Strength Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0598-5502","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lachlan P.","family":"James","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services, & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0791-8570","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Scott W.","family":"Talpey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services, & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3041-4450","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luke R.","family":"Stutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services, & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keijo","family":"H\u00e4kkinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7349-7482","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Minh","family":"Huynh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services, & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"r1","series-title":"Strength Cond J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000744","article-title":"Strength classification and diagnosis: not all strength is created equal","volume":"45","author":"James LP","year":"2023","unstructured":"James LP, Talpey SW, Young WB, et\u00a0al. Strength classification and diagnosis: not all strength is created equal. Strength Cond J. 2023;45(3):333\u2013341. doi:10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000744"},{"key":"r2","series-title":"New Stud Athl","article-title":"Laboratory strength assessment of athletes","volume":"10","author":"Young W","year":"1995","unstructured":"Young W. Laboratory strength assessment of athletes. New Stud Athl. 1995;10:89."},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Front Sports Act Living","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2024.1406997","article-title":"A framework for test measurement selection in athlete physical preparation","volume":"6","author":"James LP","year":"2024","unstructured":"James LP, Haycraft JA, Carey DL, et\u00a0al. A framework for test measurement selection in athlete physical preparation. Front Sports Act Living. 2024;6:1406997. doi:10.3389\/fspor.2024.1406997"},{"issue":"8","key":"r4","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181cf818d","article-title":"Influence of strength on magnitude and mechanisms of adaptation to power training","volume":"42","author":"Cormie P","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cormie P, McGuigan MR, Newton RU. Influence of strength on magnitude and mechanisms of adaptation to power training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(8):1566\u20131581. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181cf818d"},{"issue":"8","key":"r5","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181d2013a","article-title":"Adaptations in athletic performance after ballistic power versus strength training","volume":"42","author":"Cormie P","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cormie P, McGuigan MR, Newton RU. Adaptations in athletic performance after ballistic power versus strength training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(8):1582\u20131598. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181d2013a"},{"issue":"2","key":"r6","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2165\/11538500-000000000-00000","article-title":"Developing maximal neuromuscular power: part 2\u2013training considerations for improving maximal power production","volume":"41","author":"Cormie P","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cormie P, McGuigan M, Newton R. Developing maximal neuromuscular power: part 2\u2013training considerations for improving maximal power production. Sports Med. 2011;41(2):125\u2013146. doi:10.2165\/11538500-000000000-00000"},{"issue":"1","key":"r7","series-title":"Strength Cond J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000544","article-title":"Developing powerful athletes part 2: practical applications","volume":"43","author":"Turner AN","year":"2021","unstructured":"Turner AN, Comfort P, McMahon J, et\u00a0al. Developing powerful athletes part 2: practical applications. Strength Cond J. 2021;43(1):23\u201331. doi:10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000544"},{"issue":"6","key":"r8","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1097\/mss.0b013e3180408e0c","article-title":"Power versus strength-power jump squat training: influence on the load power relationship","volume":"39","author":"Cormie P","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cormie P, McCaulley GO, McBride JM. Power versus strength-power jump squat training: influence on the load power relationship. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(6):996\u20131003. doi:10.1097\/mss.0b013e3180408e0c"},{"key":"r9","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","first-page":"75","article-title":"The effect of heavy- vs. light-load jump squats on the development of strength, power, and speed","volume":"16","author":"McBride J","year":"2002","unstructured":"McBride J, Triplett-McBride T, Davie A, et\u00a0al. The effect of heavy- vs. light-load jump squats on the development of strength, power, and speed. J Strength Cond Res. 2002;16:75\u201382. PubMed ID: 11834109"},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Strength Cond J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000784","article-title":"Testing and profiling athletes: recommendations for test selection, implementation, and maximizing information","volume":"10","author":"Weakley J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Weakley J, Black G, McLaren S, et\u00a0al. Testing and profiling athletes: recommendations for test selection, implementation, and maximizing information. Strength Cond J. 2023;10:784. doi:10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000784"},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Strength Cond J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000772","article-title":"Selecting metrics that matter: comparing the use of the countermovement jump for performance profiling, neuromuscular fatigue monitoring, and injury rehabilitation testing","volume":"5","author":"Bishop C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bishop C, Jordan M, Torres-Ronda L, et\u00a0al. Selecting metrics that matter: comparing the use of the countermovement jump for performance profiling, neuromuscular fatigue monitoring, and injury rehabilitation testing. Strength Cond J. 2023;5:772. doi:10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000772"},{"issue":"6","key":"r12","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3346-6","article-title":"Rate of force development: physiological and methodological considerations","volume":"116","author":"Maffiuletti NA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maffiuletti NA, Aagaard P, Blazevich AJ, et\u00a0al. Rate of force development: physiological and methodological considerations. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116(6):1091\u20131116. doi:10.1007\/s00421-016-3346-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"r13","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0217","article-title":"Normalization of early isometric force production as a percentage of peak force during multijoint isometric assessment","volume":"15","author":"Comfort P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Comfort P, Dos\u2019Santos T, Jones PA, et\u00a0al. Normalization of early isometric force production as a percentage of peak force during multijoint isometric assessment. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2019;15(4):478\u2013482. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0217"},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01239-x","article-title":"Effects of resistance training movement pattern and velocity on isometric muscular rate of force development: a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"50","author":"Blazevich AJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blazevich AJ, Wilson CJ, Alcaraz PE, et\u00a0al. Effects of resistance training movement pattern and velocity on isometric muscular rate of force development: a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression. Sports Med. 2020;50:943\u2013963. doi:10.1007\/s40279-019-01239-x"},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Acta Physiol Scand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1985.tb07759.x","article-title":"Effect of explosive type strength training on isometric force\u2010and relaxation\u2010time, electromyographic and muscle fibre characteristics of leg extensor muscles","volume":"125","author":"H\u00e4kkinen K","year":"1985","unstructured":"H\u00e4kkinen K, Komi P, Alen M. Effect of explosive type strength training on isometric force\u2010and relaxation\u2010time, electromyographic and muscle fibre characteristics of leg extensor muscles. Acta Physiol Scand. 1985;125:587\u2013600. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1985.tb07759.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"r16","series-title":"Int J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1024769","article-title":"Neuromuscular adaptations and serum hormones in females during prolonged power training","volume":"11","author":"H\u00e4kkinen K","year":"1990","unstructured":"H\u00e4kkinen K, Pakarinen A, Kyr\u00f6l\u00e4inen H, et\u00a0al. Neuromuscular adaptations and serum hormones in females during prolonged power training. Int J Sports Med. 1990;11(2):91\u201398. doi:10.1055\/s-2007-1024769"},{"issue":"5","key":"r17","series-title":"Strength Cond J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1519\/1073-6840(1994)016%2C0020:DEMPIF%2E2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Developing explosive muscular power: implications for a mixed methods training strategy","volume":"16","author":"Newton RU","year":"1994","unstructured":"Newton RU, Kraemer WJ. Developing explosive muscular power: implications for a mixed methods training strategy. Strength Cond J. 1994;16(5):20\u201331. doi:10.1519\/1073-6840(1994)016%2C0020:DEMPIF%2E2.3.CO;2"},{"issue":"6","key":"r18","series-title":"Strength Cond J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0b013e31826db467","article-title":"Training principles for power","volume":"34","author":"Haff GG","year":"2012","unstructured":"Haff GG, Nimphius S. Training principles for power. Strength Cond J. 2012;34(6):2\u201312. doi:10.1519\/SSC.0b013e31826db467"},{"key":"r19","series-title":"Applied Anatomy and Biomechanics in Sport","first-page":"160","article-title":"Power","author":"Newton R","year":"2009","unstructured":"Newton R, Kraemer W.Power. In: Ackland TR, Elliott B, Bloomfield J eds. Applied Anatomy and Biomechanics in Sport. Human Kinetics; 2009:160."},{"key":"r20","series-title":"Developing Power","first-page":"50","article-title":"Periodization and power integration","author":"Haff GG","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haff GG.Periodization and power integration. In: McGuigan M (ed) Developing Power. Human Kinetics; 2017:50."},{"issue":"1","key":"r21","series-title":"Sports Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2018.1452968","article-title":"A review of the reliability of biomechanical variables produced during the isometric mid-thigh pull and isometric squat and the reporting of normative data","volume":"19","author":"Brady CJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brady CJ, Harrison AJ, Comyns TM. A review of the reliability of biomechanical variables produced during the isometric mid-thigh pull and isometric squat and the reporting of normative data. Sports Biomech. 2020;19(1):1\u201325. doi:10.1080\/14763141.2018.1452968"},{"issue":"9","key":"r22","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004855","article-title":"Classification of force-time metrics into lower-body strength domains","volume":"38","author":"Geneau MC","year":"2024","unstructured":"Geneau MC, Carey DL, Gastin PB, et\u00a0al. Classification of force-time metrics into lower-body strength domains. J Strength Cond Res. 2024;38(9):1561\u20131567. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004855"},{"key":"r23","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000005020","article-title":"Replicability of strength domains in Australian rules football athletes","volume":"39","author":"Geneau MC","year":"2024","unstructured":"Geneau MC, Carey DL, Gastin PB, et\u00a0al. Replicability of strength domains in Australian rules football athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2024:39;451\u2013457. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000005020"},{"issue":"5","key":"r24","series-title":"Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports8050063","article-title":"The relationship between isometric force-time characteristics and dynamic performance: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Lum D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lum D, Haff GG, Barbosa TM. The relationship between isometric force-time characteristics and dynamic performance: a systematic review. Sports. 2020;8(5):63. doi:10.3390\/sports8050063"},{"issue":"10","key":"r25","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0486-0","article-title":"The importance of muscular strength in athletic performance","volume":"46","author":"Suchomel TJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Stone MH. The importance of muscular strength in athletic performance. Sports Med. 2016;46(10):1419\u20131449. doi:10.1007\/s40279-016-0486-0"},{"issue":"4","key":"r26","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00571456","article-title":"Generality versus specificity: a comparison of dynamic and isometric measures of strength and speed-strength","volume":"68","author":"Baker D","year":"1994","unstructured":"Baker D, Wilson G, Carlyon B. Generality versus specificity: a comparison of dynamic and isometric measures of strength and speed-strength. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1994;68(4):350\u2013355. doi:10.1007\/BF00571456"},{"issue":"1","key":"r27","series-title":"Syst Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher D","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, et\u00a0al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4(1):1. doi:10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1"},{"key":"r28","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838120-00007","article-title":"Understanding change of direction ability in sport: a review of resistance training studies","volume":"38","author":"Brughelli M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brughelli M, Chaouachi A, Cronin J, et\u00a0al. Understanding change of direction ability in sport: a review of resistance training studies. Sports Med. 2008;38:1045\u20131063. doi:10.2165\/00007256-200838120-00007"},{"issue":"5","key":"r29","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0031-3","article-title":"The development, retention and decay rates of strength and power in elite rugby union, rugby league and American football","volume":"43","author":"McMaster DT","year":"2013","unstructured":"McMaster DT, Gill N, Cronin J, et\u00a0al. The development, retention and decay rates of strength and power in elite rugby union, rugby league and American football. Sports Med. 2013;43(5):367\u2013384. doi:10.1007\/s40279-013-0031-3"},{"key":"r30","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01552-4","article-title":"The training of medium-to long-distance sprint performance in football code athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Nicholson B","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nicholson B, Dinsdale A, Jones B, et\u00a0al. The training of medium-to long-distance sprint performance in football code athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2021;52:257\u2013286. doi:10.1007\/s40279-021-01552-4"},{"key":"r31","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2023-0066","article-title":"The relationship between isometric and dynamic strength following resistance training: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and level of agreement","volume":"19","author":"James LP","year":"2023","unstructured":"James LP, Weakley J, Comfort P, et\u00a0al. The relationship between isometric and dynamic strength following resistance training: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and level of agreement. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2023;19:2\u201312. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2023-0066"},{"key":"r32","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","volume":"41","author":"Hopkins W","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hopkins W, Marshall S, Batterham A, et\u00a0al. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41:3\u201313. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278"},{"key":"r33","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001962","article-title":"Comparison between unilateral and bilateral plyometric training on single-and double-leg jumping performance and strength","volume":"33","author":"Bogdanis GC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bogdanis GC, Tsoukos A, Kaloheri O, et\u00a0al. Comparison between unilateral and bilateral plyometric training on single-and double-leg jumping performance and strength. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33:633\u2013640. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001962"},{"key":"r34","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2004.00390.x","article-title":"Effects of power training on muscle structure and neuromuscular performance","volume":"15","author":"Kyr\u00f6l\u00e4inen H","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kyr\u00f6l\u00e4inen H, Avela J, McBride JM, et\u00a0al. Effects of power training on muscle structure and neuromuscular performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2005;15:58\u201364. doi:10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2004.00390.x"},{"key":"r35","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000360","article-title":"Plyometric long jump training with progressive loading improves kinetic and kinematic swimming start parameters","volume":"30","author":"Rebutini VZ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rebutini VZ, Pereira G, Bohrer RC, et\u00a0al. Plyometric long jump training with progressive loading improves kinetic and kinematic swimming start parameters. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30:2392\u20132398. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000360"},{"key":"r36","series-title":"J Sports Sci Med","first-page":"492","article-title":"Improved maximum strength, vertical jump and sprint performance after 8 weeks of jump squat training with individualized loads","volume":"15","author":"Vanderka M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vanderka M, Longov\u00e1 K, Olasz D, et\u00a0al. Improved maximum strength, vertical jump and sprint performance after 8 weeks of jump squat training with individualized loads. J Sports Sci Med. 2016;15:492\u2013500. PubMed ID: 27803628"},{"key":"r37","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181821abb","article-title":"Eight weeks of ballistic exercise improves power independently of changes in strength and muscle fiber type expression","volume":"22","author":"Winchester JB","year":"2008","unstructured":"Winchester JB, McBride JM, Maher MA, et\u00a0al. Eight weeks of ballistic exercise improves power independently of changes in strength and muscle fiber type expression. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22:1728\u20131734. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181821abb"},{"key":"r38","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199622010-00003","article-title":"The use of isometric tests of muscular function in athletic assessment","volume":"22","author":"Wilson GJ","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wilson GJ, Murphy AJ. The use of isometric tests of muscular function in athletic assessment. Sports Med. 1996;22:19\u201337. doi:10.2165\/00007256-199622010-00003"},{"key":"r39","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02425498","article-title":"Poor correlations between isometric tests and dynamic performance: relationship to muscle activation","volume":"73","author":"Murphy AJ","year":"1996","unstructured":"Murphy AJ, Wilson GJ. Poor correlations between isometric tests and dynamic performance: relationship to muscle activation. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1996;73:353\u2013357. doi:10.1007\/BF02425498"},{"key":"r40","series-title":"Exp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(82)90054-1","article-title":"Changes in recruitment order of motor units in the human biceps muscle","volume":"78","author":"ter Haar Romeny B","year":"1982","unstructured":"ter Haar Romeny B, Van Der Gon JD, Gielen C. Changes in recruitment order of motor units in the human biceps muscle. Exp Neurol. 1982;78:360\u2013368. doi:10.1016\/0014-4886(82)90054-1"},{"key":"r41","series-title":"Exp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(84)90036-0","article-title":"Relation between location of a motor unit in the human biceps brachii and its critical firing levels for different tasks","volume":"85","author":"ter Haar Romeny B","year":"1984","unstructured":"ter Haar Romeny B, Van Der Gon JD, Gielen C. Relation between location of a motor unit in the human biceps brachii and its critical firing levels for different tasks. Exp Neurol. 1984;85:631\u2013650. doi:10.1016\/0014-4886(84)90036-0"},{"key":"r42","series-title":"Exp Brain Res","first-page":"441","article-title":"Isometric torque-angle relationship and movement-related activity of human elbow flexors: implications for the equilibrium-point hypothesis","volume":"59","author":"Hasan Z","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hasan Z, Enoka R. Isometric torque-angle relationship and movement-related activity of human elbow flexors: implications for the equilibrium-point hypothesis. Exp Brain Res. 1985;59:441\u2013450. PubMed ID: 4029320"},{"key":"r43","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.76.6.2714","article-title":"Musculotendinous stiffness: its relationship to eccentric, isometric, and concentric performance","volume":"76","author":"Wilson GJ","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wilson GJ, Murphy AJ, Pryor JF. Musculotendinous stiffness: its relationship to eccentric, isometric, and concentric performance. J Appl Physiol. 1994;76:2714\u20132719. doi:10.1152\/jappl.1994.76.6.2714"},{"key":"r44","series-title":"Med Sci Sports","first-page":"261","article-title":"Utilization of stored elastic energy in leg extensor muscles by men and women","volume":"10","author":"Komi PV","year":"1978","unstructured":"Komi PV, Bosco C. Utilization of stored elastic energy in leg extensor muscles by men and women. Med Sci Sports. 1978;10:261\u2013265. PubMed ID: 750844"},{"key":"r45","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.70.2.825","article-title":"Optimal stiffness of series elastic component in a stretch-shorten cycle activity","volume":"70","author":"Wilson GJ","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wilson GJ, Wood GA, Elliott BC. Optimal stiffness of series elastic component in a stretch-shorten cycle activity. J Appl Physiol. 1991;70:825\u2013833. doi:10.1152\/jappl.1991.70.2.825"},{"key":"r46","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.4.4.461","article-title":"Relationship between strength characteristics and unweighted and weighted vertical jump height","volume":"4","author":"Kraska JM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kraska JM, Ramsey MW, Haff GG, et\u00a0al. Relationship between strength characteristics and unweighted and weighted vertical jump height. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2009;4:461\u2013473. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.4.4.461"},{"key":"r47","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001075","article-title":"Strength and power qualities are highly associated with punching impact in elite amateur boxers","volume":"30","author":"Loturco I","year":"2016","unstructured":"Loturco I, Nakamura FY, Artioli GG, et\u00a0al. Strength and power qualities are highly associated with punching impact in elite amateur boxers. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30:109\u2013116. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001075"},{"key":"r48","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000866","article-title":"An investigation into the relationship between maximum isometric strength and vertical jump performance","volume":"29","author":"Thomas C","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thomas C, Jones PA, Rothwell J, et\u00a0al. An investigation into the relationship between maximum isometric strength and vertical jump performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29:2176\u20132185. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000866"},{"key":"r49","series-title":"Int J Sport Sci Coach","article-title":"Classification of lower body strength qualities: a data-driven approach","volume":"10","author":"Geneau MC","year":"2025","unstructured":"Geneau MC, Gastin PB, Robertson S, et\u00a0al. Classification of lower body strength qualities: a data-driven approach. Int J Sport Sci Coach. 2025;10:4131."},{"issue":"1","key":"r50","series-title":"J Sports Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.720704","article-title":"Explosive force production during isometric squats correlates with athletic performance in rugby union players","volume":"31","author":"Tillin NA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tillin NA, Pain MTG, Folland J. Explosive force production during isometric squats correlates with athletic performance in rugby union players. J Sports Sci. 2013;31(1):66\u201376. doi:10.1080\/02640414.2012.720704"},{"issue":"10","key":"r51","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001379","article-title":"Comparing the effectiveness of a short-term vertical jump vs. weightlifting program on athletic power development","volume":"30","author":"Teo SY","year":"2016","unstructured":"Teo SY, Newton MJ, Newton RU, et\u00a0al. Comparing the effectiveness of a short-term vertical jump vs. weightlifting program on athletic power development. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(10):2741\u20132748. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001379"},{"issue":"4","key":"r52","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00283.2002.","article-title":"Increased rate of force development and neural drive of human skeletal muscle following resistance training","volume":"93","author":"Aagaard P","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aagaard P, Simonsen E, Andersen J, et\u00a0al. Increased rate of force development and neural drive of human skeletal muscle following resistance training. J Appl Physiol. 2002;93(4):1318\u20131326. doi:10.1152\/japplphysiol.00283.2002."},{"issue":"1","key":"r53","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-005-0070-z","article-title":"Influence of maximal muscle strength and intrinsic muscle contractile properties on contractile rate of force development","volume":"96","author":"Andersen LL","year":"2006","unstructured":"Andersen LL, Aagaard P. Influence of maximal muscle strength and intrinsic muscle contractile properties on contractile rate of force development. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;96(1):46\u201352. doi:10.1007\/s00421-005-0070-z"},{"issue":"6","key":"r54","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12131","article-title":"Human capacity for explosive force production: neural and contractile determinants","volume":"24","author":"Folland J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Folland J, Buckthorpe M, Hannah R. Human capacity for explosive force production: neural and contractile determinants. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24(6):894\u2013906. doi:10.1111\/sms.12131"},{"key":"r55","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.00933.x","article-title":"Early and late rate of force development: differential adaptive responses to resistance training?","volume":"20","author":"Andersen LL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Andersen LL, Andersen JL, Zebis MK, et\u00a0al. Early and late rate of force development: differential adaptive responses to resistance training? Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20:e162\u2013e169. doi:10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.00933.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"r56","series-title":"Hum Mov Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2008.04.001","article-title":"A comparison of the mechanical effect of arm swing and countermovement on the lower extremities in vertical jumping","volume":"27","author":"Hara M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hara M, Shibayama A, Takeshita D, et\u00a0al. A comparison of the mechanical effect of arm swing and countermovement on the lower extremities in vertical jumping. Hum Mov Sci. 2008;27(4):636\u2013648. doi:10.1016\/j.humov.2008.04.001"},{"issue":"1","key":"r57","series-title":"Hum Mov Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2004.12.001","article-title":"Optimum take-off angle in the standing long jump","volume":"24","author":"Wakai M","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wakai M, Linthorne NP. Optimum take-off angle in the standing long jump. Hum Mov Sci. 2005;24(1):81\u201396. doi:10.1016\/j.humov.2004.12.001"},{"key":"r58","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"339","article-title":"Drop jumping. II. The influence of dropping height on the biomechanics of drop jumping","volume":"19","author":"Bobbert MF","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bobbert MF, Huijing PA, Van Ingen Schenau GJ. Drop jumping. II. The influence of dropping height on the biomechanics of drop jumping. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1987;19:339\u2013346. PubMed ID: 3657482"},{"key":"r59","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"332","article-title":"Drop jumping. I. The influence of jumping technique on the biomechanics of jumping","volume":"19","author":"Bobbert MF","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bobbert MF, Huijing PA, Van Ingen Schenau GJ. Drop jumping. I. The influence of jumping technique on the biomechanics of jumping. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1987;19:332\u2013338. PubMed ID: 3657481"},{"issue":"11","key":"r60","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199611000-00009","article-title":"Why is countermovement jump height greater than squat jump height?","volume":"28","author":"Bobbert MF","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bobbert MF, Gerritsen KG, Litjens MC, et\u00a0al. Why is countermovement jump height greater than squat jump height? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28(11):1402\u20131412. doi:10.1097\/00005768-199611000-00009"},{"issue":"1","key":"r61","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.84.1.97","article-title":"Stretch-shorten cycle compared with isometric preload: contributions to enhanced muscular performance","volume":"84","author":"Walshe AD","year":"1998","unstructured":"Walshe AD, Wilson GJ, Ettema GJ. Stretch-shorten cycle compared with isometric preload: contributions to enhanced muscular performance. J Appl Physiol. 1998;84(1):97\u2013106. doi:10.1152\/jappl.1998.84.1.97"},{"key":"r62","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1519\/1533-4287(2003)017%3C0739:msrict%3E2.0.co;2","article-title":"Maximum strength-power performance relationships in collegiate throwers","volume":"17","author":"Stone MH","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stone MH, Sanborn K, O Bryant HS, et\u00a0al. Maximum strength-power performance relationships in collegiate throwers. J Strength Cond Res. 2003;17:739\u2013745. doi:10.1519\/1533-4287(2003)017%3C0739:msrict%3E2.0.co;2"},{"issue":"2","key":"r63","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200737020-00004","article-title":"Morphological and neurological contributions to increased strength","volume":"37","author":"Folland JP","year":"2007","unstructured":"Folland JP, Williams AG. Morphological and neurological contributions to increased strength. Sports Med. 2007;37(2):145\u2013168. doi:10.2165\/00007256-200737020-00004"},{"key":"r64","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S135","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198810001-00009","article-title":"Neural adaptation to resistance training","volume":"20","author":"Sale D","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sale D. Neural adaptation to resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1988;20:S135\u2013S145. doi:10.1249\/00005768-198810001-00009"},{"issue":"5","key":"r65","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13045","article-title":"The impact of strength level on adaptations to combined weightlifting, plyometric, and ballistic training","volume":"28","author":"James LP","year":"2018","unstructured":"James LP, Haff G, Kelly VG, et\u00a0al. The impact of strength level on adaptations to combined weightlifting, plyometric, and ballistic training. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018;28(5):1494\u20131505. doi:10.1111\/sms.13045"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/20\/12\/article-p1625.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/20\/12\/article-p1625.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/20\/12\/article-p1625.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T18:10:12Z","timestamp":1763575812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/20\/12\/article-p1625.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2025-0297","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-0265","1555-0273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-0265","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-0273","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}}}