{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:03:26Z","timestamp":1787508206768,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Purpose<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    The men\u2019s athletics 1500-m final of the Paris Olympics was won by Cole Hocker in 3:27.65\u00a0minutes:seconds.milliseconds. Interestingly, defending Olympic Champion and prerace favorite Jakob Ingebrigtsen led for \u223c1450\u00a0m before being overran by Hocker, who drafted his way through the race, taking the lead with \u223c50\u00a0m to run. Given the contrasting strategies employed, this study explored the impact of drafting on D\u2032 balance and predicted finish times for determining the race outcome between Ingebrigtsen and Hocker.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Ingebrigtsen and Hocker\u2019s critical speed (in meters per second) and D\u2032 (in meters) were calculated from personal best race performances over 1500 to 5000\u00a0m. Critical speed and D\u2032 were used to calculate prerace 1500\u00a0m finish time. One hundred-meter segmental running speeds at the Paris Olympics 1500-m final were used to calculate segmental D\u2032 balance for Ingebrigtsen and Hocker before and after the consideration of drafting. Throughout the race, critical speed and D\u2032 balance were used to provide updated predicted finish times, with and without the consideration of drafting. The impact of drafting was set at 2.18% of segmental running speed.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Prerace and within-race predicted times (not considering drafting) favored Ingebrigtsen beating Hocker by 4.2\u00a0seconds. When considering drafting, within-race predicted times favored Hocker beating Ingebrigtsen at the 1300- and 1400-m segments by 0.1 and 0.4\u00a0seconds, respectively.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Without a consideration for drafting, prerace and within-race predicted times favored Ingebrigtsen beating Hocker at the Paris Olympics 1500-m final. However, when drafting was considered, eventual gold medalist Hocker was favored to beat Ingebrigtsen, indicating the potential role that drafting played on this race outcome.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2025-0309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T16:36:46Z","timestamp":1770741406000},"page":"432-438","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of Drafting on Race Outcome in the Paris Olympics 1500-m Final: A Retrospective Analysis of Ingebrigtsen and Hocker Using the D\u2032 Balance Model"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3871-8646","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Clint R.","family":"Bellenger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance unit, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1621-8026","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lachlan","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Institute of Sport, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4930-9079","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jason C.","family":"Bartram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"r1","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00223.2021","article-title":"Interaction of exercise bioenergetics with pacing behavior predicts track distance running performance","volume":"131","author":"Kirby BS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kirby BS, Winn BJ, Wilkins BW, Jones AM. Interaction of exercise bioenergetics with pacing behavior predicts track distance running performance. J Appl Physiol. 2021;131(5):1532\u20131542. PubMed ID: 34617823 doi:10.1152\/japplphysiol.00223.2021"},{"issue":"11","key":"r2","series-title":"Sports Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2021.2006295","article-title":"Aerodynamic interaction between in-line runners: new insights on the drafting strategy in running","volume":"23","author":"Beaumont F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beaumont F, Legrand F, Bogard F, Murer S, Vernede V, Polidori G. Aerodynamic interaction between in-line runners: new insights on the drafting strategy in running. Sports Biomech. 2021;23(11):2180\u20132195. 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