{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T05:10:37Z","timestamp":1769577037026,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise enhances performance, albeit with potential gastrointestinal distress. Notably, ergogenic effects can arise without ingestion, likely mediated by cephalic-phase response, an anticipatory physiological response triggered by nutrient sensing.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    To compare the effects of carbohydrate delivery via a carbohydrate mouth rinse (CMR) and carbohydrate dissolvable strip (DS) against a water mouth rinse (WMR) control on running performance during a 12.87-km time trial (TT).\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Eighteen endurance-trained adults (16 men, 2 women) completed a randomized, controlled, crossover trial involving 3 TT sessions, each using a different treatment administered at the start and at every 1.61-km segment of the TT (8\u00d7 total) on a motorized treadmill.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    The DS improved TT performance times and final completion time versus WMR (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.02 and\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.03). There were no differences in performance time (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.48) or final completion time (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.08) for CMR versus WMR. Both DS and CMR led to a faster calculated pace per 1.61\u00a0km versus WMR (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001 and\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.01, respectively) and showed improvements in percent change in completion time (DS: \u22123.02\u2009\u00b1\u20090.01%,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.01; CMR: \u22121.91\u2009\u00b1\u20090.01%,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.04). The DS also increased average heart rate across the TT versus CMR and WMR (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.01 for both) and percent change in heart rate versus WMR only (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.02). There were no differences for ratings of perceived exertion.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Both DS and CMR treatments improved markers of TT running performance versus WMR, but stronger evidence of improvement was observed for DS than for CMR.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2025-0428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T19:31:49Z","timestamp":1767382309000},"page":"258-266","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Running Performance in Response to Different Forms of Carbohydrate Through Cephalic-Phase Responses"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Alyssa J.","family":"Guadagni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine A.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8265-4360","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jamie A.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021","article-title":"Effects of carbohydrate supplementation on the performance of endurance athletes: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Dos Santos LC","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dos Santos LC, de Moura Costa C, de Moura RC, Silvino VO, Dos Santos MAP, Brand\u00e3o A. 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