{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:28:05Z","timestamp":1791973685248,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"\n \n Background<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n :<\/jats:italic>\n Elite athlete support can involve substantial testing and monitoring data. A practical and meaningful framework can help practitioners optimize service delivery.\n \n Purpose<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n :<\/jats:italic>\n We present the concepts of\n performance determinants<\/jats:italic>\n and\n moderating factors<\/jats:italic>\n and emphasize prioritization of macroscopic (visually observable) measures for effective application in sports where direct athlete interaction is minimal.\n \n Methods<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n :<\/jats:italic>\n We advocate that\n performance determinants<\/jats:italic>\n are measures that must be enhanced to improve the targeted outcome, such as 100-m sprint time (example herein). In this case, the\n determinants<\/jats:italic>\n comprise relevant sprint-specific measures\u2014acceleration time, maximal velocity, and maintenance, with\n secondary determinants<\/jats:italic>\n derived from nonsprinting measures (eg,\u00a0jumping relative power, reactive strength)\u2014identified in the sports literature and endorsed by the support team.\n Moderating<\/jats:italic>\n factors involve measures that must be maintained at an optimal level to positively influence\n determinant factors<\/jats:italic>\n and overall performance. Reaction time, early acceleration time, mechanics (technical elements) in different phases, maximal strength, neuromuscular status, and body composition are all relevant factors. For effective implementation, a 3-stage process (CEO \u2013\n consultation, evaluation, and optimization<\/jats:italic>\n ) is proposed to integrate training\/coaching and performance support, with active involvement of coaches, athletes, and staff to ensure clarity, buy-in, and timely individualized adjustments. Other considerations include the structure of team support, work arrangements (eg,\u00a0integrated support), and support delivery strategies (eg,\u00a0embedded services), all of which require systematic planning, commitment of key personnel, and regular internal review.\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n :<\/jats:italic>\n This approach enables effective, actionable performance support for elite athletes and coaches. Changes in athlete performance should be interpretable through the identified\n performance determinants<\/jats:italic>\n and\n moderating<\/jats:italic>\n factors.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2025-0487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T18:45:50Z","timestamp":1772045150000},"page":"849-856","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Practical Approach to Optimizing Support for Elite Athletes Using Performance Determinants and Moderating Factors"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8543-4489","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jad Adrian","family":"Washif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"High-Performance Branch, Sports Performance Division, Institut Sukan Negara Malaysia (National Sports Institute of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1555-5079","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David B.","family":"Pyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"r1","author":"Newell KM.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Newell KM. 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