{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:19:06Z","timestamp":1791001146360,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"\n \n Purpose<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n :<\/jats:italic>\n Traditional training metrics do not distinguish between the different components of internal training load contributing to training-induced fatigue, whereas the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) may offer a compelling multidimensional alternative. However, the NASA-TLX subscales have been overlooked in the context of endurance training. Therefore, this study investigated whether the NASA-TLX subscales are associated with acute performance decrement (APD) and physiological responses across different endurance training sessions.\n \n Methods<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n :<\/jats:italic>\n Twelve well-trained runners (10 males, 2 females; age 26.8 [6.9]\u00a0y; maximal oxygen uptake [VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max] 65.6 [6.4]\u00a0mL\u00b7kg\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n \u00b7min\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ) completed 6 visits in the laboratory, an incremental test, a time to exhaustion (TTE) test, and 4 experimental training sessions in randomized order. A TTE test was performed at baseline and after each of 4 exercise sessions: low-intensity training, medium-intensity training, long-interval high-intensity (HIT\n long<\/jats:sub>\n ), and short-interval high-intensity (HIT\n short<\/jats:sub>\n ). APD was calculated as the percentage drop in TTE compared to baseline. The NASA-TLX questionnaire was administered between each training session and the TTE test to assess mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, effort, frustration, and perceived performance.\n \n Results<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n :<\/jats:italic>\n All sessions led to significant APD (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.041), with HIT\n long<\/jats:sub>\n producing greater APD than low-intensity training (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.035). Subscale analysis showed lower mental, physical, temporal, and effort scores after low-intensity training compared to HIT sessions (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001). All subscales were significantly correlated with APD and key physiological ventilatory and metabolic parameters (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001).\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n :<\/jats:italic>\n NASA-TLX subscales appear valid and may help athletes to discriminate distinct components of perceived workload.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2025-0506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T14:26:15Z","timestamp":1778250375000},"page":"1021-1027","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Association Between National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index Subscales, Training-Induced Fatigue, and Physiological Responses in Endurance Athletes"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9179-1618","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mattia","family":"D\u2019Alleva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and 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