{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T15:09:49Z","timestamp":1779376189957,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Purpose<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic>\n                    This study systematically reviewed the fatigue mechanisms that constrain trail running performance and examined the influence of sex and event distance on these responses. PRISMA guidelines were followed. PubMed, Web of Science, and Dimensions AI databases were searched up to August 10, 2025 for studies involving adult-trained or experienced trail runners that compared prerace and postrace fatigue markers after a standard trail race or laboratory race simulation. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I. Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria (n\u2009=\u2009674 subjects; 506 men and 168 women). Most studies (n\u2009=\u200921) examined only or predominantly male runners, and only four studies specifically assessed sex differences. Participants were trained adults (mean age\u2009=\u200939.4 [8.5]\u00a0y), with sample sizes ranging from 6 to 72 individuals. Regarding race distance, 4 studies investigated short races (\u226460\u00a0km), 4 medium races (60\u2013100\u00a0km), 8 long races (\u2265100\u00a0km), and 8 compared multiple distances within the same study. Fatigue assessment primarily relied on knee extensor and plantar flexor torque testing to evaluate central and peripheral fatigue, complemented by alternative methods such as tensiomyography, soft tissue vibration, strength, and jump tests. Ten of the studies analyzed blood biomarkers related to muscle damage, inflammation, and renal function.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Neuromuscular fatigue in trail running arises from both central and peripheral mechanisms, depending on race duration and testing methods. While central fatigue predominates in shorter races, peripheral fatigue and muscle damage become more evident in longer events (\u2265100\u00a0km). Moreover, sex differences are minimal, although methodological heterogeneity limits the strength and comparability of the findings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2025-0544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T07:33:05Z","timestamp":1778484785000},"page":"698-707","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Decoding Neuromuscular Fatigue in Trail Running: A Systematic Review Across Distances and Sex Differences"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0191-1052","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Violeta","family":"Mu\u00f1oz de la Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6327-6958","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fernando","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Moh\u00edno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7518-8234","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Felipe","family":"Garc\u00eda-Pinillos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Sport and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0588-0871","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Diego","family":"Ja\u00e9n-Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"r1","series-title":"Sports Med Arthrosc Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/JSA.0000000000000198","article-title":"Participation trends of ultra endurance events","volume":"27","author":"Scheer V","year":"2019","unstructured":"Scheer V. 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