{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T18:02:09Z","timestamp":1785175329301,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Purpose<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic>\n                    This study investigated pulmonary function, spleen contraction, and the diving response during dry apnea in female artistic swimmers, considering competition category and performance scores.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Method<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Twelve competitive swimmers were divided into 2 groups according to competitive category: Comen (CO; n\u2009=\u20096, 14.5 [0.8] y old) and Junior\/Senior (JS; n\u2009=\u20096, 18.5 [3] y old). Before the National Championships, swimmers performed 3 maximal static dry apneas with 2-minute intervals. Lung volumes and flow rates were assessed via static and forced spirometry. Spleen volume (in milliliters) was measured every minute from 3\u2009minutes before to 5\u2009minutes after apnea, and hemoglobin concentration (in grams per liter) was determined preseries and postseries. Heart rate (in beats per minute), perfusion index (in percentage), and peripheral oxygen saturation (in percentage) were continuously recorded.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic>\n                    The JS group showed higher forced vital capacity (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.026), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.010), peak expiratory flow (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.004), and mid-expiratory flow (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.009) than CO. Both groups showed significant heart rate reduction during apnea (bradycardia,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.0043) and concomitant reductions in peripheral oxygen saturation (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.0006) and perfusion index (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.0001). Both groups exhibited significant spleen contraction (\u221239.1 [22.1]\u2009mL,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) with full postapnea recovery, while hemoglobin\u00a0concentration remained unchanged. Competition scores correlated positively with maximal apnea in JS (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.866,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.033), and with training hours in CO (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.812,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.0499).\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic>\n                    The diving response and spleen dynamics were characterized by marked bradycardia, peripheral oxygen desaturation, and significant spleen contraction in all swimmers. Longer apnea duration was linked to higher performance in experienced athletes, whereas in younger swimmers, performance showed a positive relationship with training volume.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2025-0556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T18:25:38Z","timestamp":1775154338000},"page":"885-892","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pulmonary Function, Diving Response, and Spleen Dynamics in Competitive Artistic Swimmers"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Gamble","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Medical Sciences, \u00d6rebro University, \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4627-7254","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lara","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Medical Sciences, \u00d6rebro University, \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"r1","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49098","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049098","article-title":"Physiological responses in relation to performance during competition in elite synchronized swimmers","volume":"7","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Zamora L","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A, Chaverri D, Erola P, Rodr\u00edguez FA. Physiological responses in relation to performance during competition in elite synchronized swimmers. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e49098. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0049098"},{"issue":"2","key":"r2","series-title":"Clin Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(05)70148-4","article-title":"The basics of synchronized swimming and its injuries","volume":"18","author":"Mountjoy M","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mountjoy M. The basics of synchronized swimming and its injuries. Clin Sports Med. 1999;18(2):321\u2013336. doi:10.1016\/S0278-5919(05)70148-4"},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Med Sport Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1159\/000423721","article-title":"The components and the time of face in of the routines in synchronized swimming","volume":"39","author":"Homma M","year":"1994","unstructured":"Homma M. The components and the time of face in of the routines in synchronized swimming. Med Sport Sci. 1994;39:149\u2013154. doi:10.1159\/000423721"},{"issue":"5","key":"r4","series-title":"Int J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1353177","article-title":"Perceived exertion, time of immersion and physiological correlates in synchronized swimming","volume":"35","author":"Rodriguez-Zamora L","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A, et al. Perceived exertion, time of immersion and physiological correlates in synchronized swimming. Int J Sports Med. 2013;35(5):403\u2013411. doi:10.1055\/s-0033-1353177"},{"issue":"1","key":"r5","series-title":"Integr Physiol Behav Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02691277","article-title":"Mechanism of the human diving response","volume":"29","author":"Gooden B","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gooden B. Mechanism of the human diving response. Integr Physiol Behav Sci. 1994;29(1):6\u201316. doi:10.1007\/BF02691277"},{"issue":"4","key":"r6","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00221.2003","article-title":"Spleen volume and blood flow response to repeated breath-hold apneas","volume":"95","author":"Bakovi\u0107 D","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bakovi\u0107 D, Valic Z, Eterovi\u0107 D, et al. Spleen volume and blood flow response to repeated breath-hold apneas. J Appl Physiol. 2003;95(4):1460\u20131466. doi:10.1152\/japplphysiol.00221.2003"},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Front Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00173","article-title":"Size matters: spleen and lung volumes predict performance in human apneic divers","volume":"3","author":"Schagatay E","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schagatay E, Richardson M, Lodin-Sundstrom A. Size matters: spleen and lung volumes predict performance in human apneic divers. Front Physiol. 2012;3:173. doi:10.3389\/fphys.2012.00173"},{"issue":"6","key":"r8","series-title":"J Bras Pneumol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1590\/s1806-37562015000000050","article-title":"Sport-specific influences on respiratory patterns in elite athletes","volume":"41","author":"Durmic T","year":"2015","unstructured":"Durmic T, Lazovic B, Djelic M, et al. Sport-specific influences on respiratory patterns in elite athletes. J Bras Pneumol. 2015;41(6):516\u2013522. doi:10.1590\/s1806-37562015000000050"},{"issue":"4","key":"r9","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.31.4.337","article-title":"Comparison of lung volume in Greek swimmers, land based athletes, and sedentary controls using allometric scaling","volume":"31","author":"Doherty M","year":"1997","unstructured":"Doherty M, Dimitriou L. Comparison of lung volume in Greek swimmers, land based athletes, and sedentary controls using allometric scaling. Br J Sports Med. 1997;31(4):337\u2013341. doi:10.1136\/bjsm.31.4.337"},{"issue":"1","key":"r10","series-title":"Med Probl Perform Art","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.21091\/mppa.2011.1006","article-title":"Pulmonary function in pubertal synchronized swimmers: 1-year follow-up results and its relation to competitive achievement","volume":"26","author":"Gabrilo G","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gabrilo G, Peric M, Stipic M. Pulmonary function in pubertal synchronized swimmers: 1-year follow-up results and its relation to competitive achievement. Med Probl Perform Art. 2011;26(1):39\u201343. doi:10.21091\/mppa.2011.1006"},{"issue":"3","key":"r11","series-title":"Int J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1212-1020","article-title":"Changes in lung diffusing capacity of elite artistic swimmers during training","volume":"42","author":"Garc\u00eda I","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda I, Drobnic F, Pons V, Viscor G. Changes in lung diffusing capacity of elite artistic swimmers during training. Int J Sports Med. 2020;42(3):227\u2013233. doi:10.1055\/a-1212-1020"},{"issue":"2","key":"r12","series-title":"Res Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/15438620903323678","article-title":"Breath holding with water immersion in synchronized swimmers and untrained women","volume":"18","author":"Alentejano TC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alentejano TC, Marshall D, Bell GJ. Breath holding with water immersion in synchronized swimmers and untrained women. Res Sports Med. 2010;18(2):97\u2013114. doi:10.1080\/15438620903323678"},{"issue":"3","key":"r13","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.63.3.1019","article-title":"Control of ventilation in elite synchronized swimmers","volume":"63","author":"Bjurstr\u00f6m RL","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bjurstr\u00f6m RL, Schoene RB. Control of ventilation in elite synchronized swimmers. J Appl Physiol. 1987;63(3):1019\u20131024. doi:10.1152\/jappl.1987.63.3.1019"},{"issue":"8","key":"r14","series-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1590ST","article-title":"Standardization of spirometry 2019 update. An official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society Technical Statement","volume":"200","author":"Graham BL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Graham BL, Steenbruggen I, Miller MR, et al. Standardization of spirometry 2019 update. An official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society Technical Statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;200(8):e70\u2013e88. doi:10.1164\/rccm.201908-1590ST"},{"issue":"3","key":"r15","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01391.x","article-title":"Effects of two weeks of daily apnea training on diving response, spleen contraction, and erythropoiesis in novel subjects","volume":"23","author":"Engan H","year":"2013","unstructured":"Engan H, Richardson M, Lodin-Sundstrom A, Van Beekvelt M, Schagatay E. Effects of two weeks of daily apnea training on diving response, spleen contraction, and erythropoiesis in novel subjects. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013;23(3):340\u2013348. doi:10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01391.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"r16","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1224-0","article-title":"Speed of spleen volume changes evoked by serial apneas","volume":"93","author":"Schagatay E","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schagatay E, Haughey H, Reimers J. Speed of spleen volume changes evoked by serial apneas. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005;93(4):447\u2013452. doi:10.1007\/s00421-004-1224-0"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"r17","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00262802","article-title":"Effects of water and ambient air temperatures on human diving bradycardia","volume":"73","author":"Schagatay E","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schagatay E, Holm B. Effects of water and ambient air temperatures on human diving bradycardia. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1996;73(1-2):1\u20136. doi:10.1007\/BF00262802"},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Front Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01075","article-title":"The magnitude of diving bradycardia during apnea at low-altitude reveals tolerance to high altitude hypoxia","volume":"10","author":"Holmstr\u00f6m P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Holmstr\u00f6m P, Mulder E, Sundstr\u00f6m AL, Limbu P, Schagatay E. The magnitude of diving bradycardia during apnea at low-altitude reveals tolerance to high altitude hypoxia. Front Physiol. 2019;10:1075. doi:10.3389\/fphys.2019.01075"},{"issue":"1","key":"r19","series-title":"Diving Hyperb Med","first-page":"21","article-title":"Arterial oxygen desaturation during apnea in humans","volume":"25","author":"Andersson J","year":"1998","unstructured":"Andersson J, Schagatay E. Arterial oxygen desaturation during apnea in humans. Diving Hyperb Med. 1998;25(1):21\u201325."},{"issue":"8","key":"r20","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0202741","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202741","article-title":"Spleen size evaluation in children: time to define splenomegaly for pediatric surgeons and pediatricians","volume":"13","author":"Pelizzo G","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pelizzo G, Guazzotti M, Klersy C, et al. Spleen size evaluation in children: time to define splenomegaly for pediatric surgeons and pediatricians. PLoS One. 2018;13(8):e0202741. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0202741"},{"issue":"1","key":"r21","series-title":"Sci Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18976","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23384-6","article-title":"Test\u2013retest reliability of splenic volume assessment by ultrasonography","volume":"12","author":"Holmstr\u00f6m P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Holmstr\u00f6m P, Pernett F, Schagatay E. Test\u2013retest reliability of splenic volume assessment by ultrasonography. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):18976. doi:10.1038\/s41598-022-23384-6"},{"key":"r22","article-title":"Artistic swimming rules 2022\u20132025 [Internet]","author":"FINA","year":"January 5, 2026","unstructured":"FINA. Artistic swimming rules 2022\u20132025 [Internet] . January 5, 2026. Updated August 2022. Accessed August 10, 2025. http:\/\/www.fina.org\/"},{"key":"r23","series-title":"Front Psychol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863","article-title":"Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs","volume":"4","author":"Lakens D","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lakens D. Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Front Psychol. 2013;4:863. doi:10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863"},{"key":"r24","article-title":"Physiological responses and competitive perfomance in elite synchronized swimming","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Zamora L","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Zamora L. Physiological responses and competitive perfomance in elite synchronized swimming [PhD thesis]. Institut Nacional d\u2019Educaci\u00f3 F\u00edsica De Catalunya - Centre de Barcelona (UB); 2013."},{"issue":"5","key":"r25","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-198806050-00002","article-title":"Pulmonary structure and function in swimmers","volume":"6","author":"Cordain L","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cordain L, Stager J. Pulmonary structure and function in swimmers. Sports Med. 1988;6(5):271\u2013278. doi:10.2165\/00007256-198806050-00002"},{"key":"r26","article-title":"Valoraci\u00f3n Nutricional De j\u00f3venes Nadadoras De Nataci\u00f3n Sincronizada","author":"Carrasco-Marginet M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carrasco-Marginet M. Valoraci\u00f3n Nutricional De j\u00f3venes Nadadoras De Nataci\u00f3n Sincronizada [Doctoral thesis].\u00a0Barcelona University; 2015."},{"issue":"4","key":"r27","series-title":"J Am Heart Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e017405","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.017405","article-title":"Maturation of the cardiac autonomic nervous system activity in children and adolescents","volume":"10","author":"Harteveld LM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harteveld LM, Nederend I, Ten Harkel ADJ, et al. Maturation of the cardiac autonomic nervous system activity in children and adolescents. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(4):e017405. doi:10.1161\/JAHA.120.017405"},{"issue":"3","key":"r28","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00863.2001","article-title":"Diving response and arterial oxygen saturation during apnea and exercise in breath-hold divers","volume":"93","author":"Andersson J","year":"2002","unstructured":"Andersson J, Lin\u00e9r M, Elisabeth R, Schagatay E. Diving response and arterial oxygen saturation during apnea and exercise in breath-hold divers. J Appl Physiol. 2002;93(3):882\u2013886. doi:10.1152\/japplphysiol.00863.2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"r29","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0771-1","article-title":"Heart rate and blood pressure time courses during prolonged dry apnoea in breath-hold divers","volume":"104","author":"Perini R","year":"2008","unstructured":"Perini R, Tironi A, Gheza A, Butti F, Moia C, Ferretti G. Heart rate and blood pressure time courses during prolonged dry apnoea in breath-hold divers. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008;104(1):1\u20137. doi:10.1007\/s00421-008-0771-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"r30","series-title":"Crit Care Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.5935\/2965-2774.2023.Edit-2.v35n2-en","article-title":"The relationship of postocclusive reactive hyperemia assessed by the plethysmographic perfusion index to lactate clearance: a new piece in the unsolved puzzle of tissue perfusion and oxygenation in septic shock","volume":"35","author":"Dubin A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dubin A. The relationship of postocclusive reactive hyperemia assessed by the plethysmographic perfusion index to lactate clearance: a new piece in the unsolved puzzle of tissue perfusion and oxygenation in septic shock. Crit Care Sci. 2023;35(2):115\u2013116. doi:10.5935\/2965-2774.2023.Edit-2.v35n2-en"},{"issue":"4","key":"r31","series-title":"Iraqi J Med Sci","article-title":"Possible anthropometric explanation of age-related changes in splenic volume in a sample of healthy Iraqi individuals using ultrasonography","volume":"10","author":"Estephan MF","year":"2012","unstructured":"Estephan MF, Al-Saadi WI, Funjan MM. Possible anthropometric explanation of age-related changes in splenic volume in a sample of healthy Iraqi individuals using ultrasonography. Iraqi J Med Sci. 2012;10(4), 312\u2013320."},{"issue":"3","key":"r32","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.69.3.932","article-title":"Splenic contraction during breath-hold diving in the Korean ama","volume":"69","author":"Hurford WE","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hurford WE, Hong SK, Park YS, et al. Splenic contraction during breath-hold diving in the Korean ama. J Appl Physiol. 1990;69(3):932\u2013936. doi:10.1152\/jappl.1990.69.3.932"},{"issue":"1","key":"r33","series-title":"High Alt Med Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1089\/ham.2019.0028","article-title":"Spleen volume and contraction during apnea in Mt. Everest climbers and Everest base camp trekkers","volume":"21","author":"Schagatay E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schagatay E, Holmstr\u00f6m P, Mulder E, et al. Spleen volume and contraction during apnea in Mt. Everest climbers and Everest base camp trekkers. High Alt Med Biol. 2020;21(1):84\u201391. doi:10.1089\/ham.2019.0028"},{"issue":"1","key":"r34","series-title":"Exp Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1113\/EP088571","article-title":"The effects of high altitude ascent on splenic contraction and the diving response during voluntary apnea","volume":"106","author":"Holmstr\u00f6m PK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Holmstr\u00f6m PK, Bird JD, Thrall SF, et al. The effects of high altitude ascent on splenic contraction and the diving response during voluntary apnea. Exp Physiol. 2021;106(1):160\u2013174. doi:10.1113\/EP088571"},{"issue":"7","key":"r35","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-024-05428-z","article-title":"Effect of exercise intensity and apnea on splenic contraction and hemoglobin increase in well-trained cross-country skiers","volume":"124","author":"Lindblom H","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lindblom H, Pernett F, Schagatay E, Holmstr\u00f6m P. Effect of exercise intensity and apnea on splenic contraction and hemoglobin increase in well-trained cross-country skiers. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2024;124(7):2057\u20132067. doi:10.1007\/s00421-024-05428-z"},{"issue":"1","key":"r36","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0483-y","article-title":"Hematological response and diving response during apnea and apnea with face immersion","volume":"101","author":"Schagatay E","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schagatay E, Andersson J, Nielsen B. Hematological response and diving response during apnea and apnea with face immersion. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007;101(1):125\u2013132. doi:10.1007\/s00421-007-0483-y"},{"issue":"1","key":"r37","series-title":"Diving Hyperb Med","first-page":"4","article-title":"Effect of hypercapnia on spleen-related haemoglobin increase during apnea","volume":"42","author":"Richardson MX","year":"2012","unstructured":"Richardson MX, Engan H, Lodin-Sundstrom A, Schagatay E. Effect of hypercapnia on spleen-related haemoglobin increase during apnea. Diving Hyperb Med. 2012;42(1):4\u20139."},{"issue":"6","key":"r38","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0556-y","article-title":"Total haemoglobin mass and spleen contraction: a study on competitive apnea divers, non-diving athletes and untrained control subjects","volume":"101","author":"Prommer N","year":"2007","unstructured":"Prommer N, Ehrmann U, Schmidt W, Steinacker JM, Radermacher P, Muth C-M. Total haemoglobin mass and spleen contraction: a study on competitive apnea divers, non-diving athletes and untrained control subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007;101(6):753\u2013759. doi:10.1007\/s00421-007-0556-y"},{"issue":"3","key":"r39","series-title":"Can J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1139\/h05-120","article-title":"Increase of hemoglobin concentration after maximal apneas in divers, skiers, and untrained humans","volume":"30","author":"Richardson M","year":"2005","unstructured":"Richardson M, de Bruijn R, Holmberg HC, Bj\u00f6rklund G, Haughey H, Schagatay E. Increase of hemoglobin concentration after maximal apneas in divers, skiers, and untrained humans. Can J Appl Physiol. 2005;30(3):276\u2013281. doi:10.1139\/h05-120"},{"issue":"8","key":"r40","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-023-05202-7","article-title":"Effects of hyperventilation on oxygenation, apnea breaking points, diving response, and spleen contraction during serial static apneas","volume":"123","author":"Pernett F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pernett F, Bergenhed P, Holmstr\u00f6m P, Mulder E, Schagatay E. Effects of hyperventilation on oxygenation, apnea breaking points, diving response, and spleen contraction during serial static apneas. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2023;123(8):1809\u20131824. doi:10.1007\/s00421-023-05202-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"r41","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333010-00003","article-title":"Effect of endurance exercise on autonomic control of heart rate","volume":"33","author":"Carter JB","year":"2003","unstructured":"Carter JB, Banister EW, Blaber AP. Effect of endurance exercise on autonomic control of heart rate. Sports Med. 2003;33(1):33\u201346. doi:10.2165\/00007256-200333010-00003"},{"issue":"4","key":"r42","series-title":"Adv Physiol Educ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00125.2013","article-title":"Using stimulation of the diving reflex in humans to teach integrative physiology","volume":"38","author":"Choate JK","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choate JK, Denton KM, Evans RG, Hodgson Y. Using stimulation of the diving reflex in humans to teach integrative physiology. Adv Physiol Educ. 2014;38(4):355\u2013365. doi:10.1152\/advan.00125.2013"},{"issue":"6","key":"r43","series-title":"Biology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12060869","article-title":"Resting heart rate affects heart response to cold-water face immersion associated with apnea","volume":"12","author":"Malinowski KS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Malinowski KS, Wierzba TH, Neary JP, Winklewski PJ, Wsz\u0119dyby\u0142-Winklewska M. Resting heart rate affects heart response to cold-water face immersion associated with apnea. Biology. 2023;12(6):869. doi:10.3390\/biology12060869"},{"issue":"1","key":"r44","series-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Rev","first-page":"441","article-title":"Sport training and the growth and pubertal maturation of young athletes","volume":"9","author":"Matina RM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Matina RM, Rogol AD. Sport training and the growth and pubertal maturation of young athletes. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2011;9(1):441\u2013455."},{"issue":"suppl 16","key":"r45","series-title":"Eur Respir J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1183\/09041950.005s1693","article-title":"Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows","volume":"6","author":"Quanjer PH","year":"1993","unstructured":"Quanjer PH, Tammeling GJ, Cotes JE, Pedersen OF, Peslin R, Yernault J-C. Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. Eur Respir J. 1993;6(suppl 16):5\u201340. doi:10.1183\/09041950.005s1693"},{"issue":"6","key":"r46","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b073a8","article-title":"Apnea training effects on swimming coordination","volume":"23","author":"Lema\u00eetre F","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lema\u00eetre F, Seifert L, Polin D, Juge J, Tourny-Chollet C, Chollet D. Apnea training effects on swimming coordination. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(6):1909\u20131914. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b073a8"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/21\/8\/article-p885.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/21\/8\/article-p885.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/21\/8\/article-p885.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T17:14:14Z","timestamp":1785172454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/21\/8\/article-p885.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2025-0556","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-0265","1555-0273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-0265","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-0273","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}}}