{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:04:02Z","timestamp":1790697842458,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"\n \n Purpose<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n :<\/jats:italic>\n To assess the relationship between travel variables and perceived fatigue, sleep, stress, soreness, and overall wellness responses in female national team footballers.\n \n Methods<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n :<\/jats:italic>\n Details of 342 flights over a 3-year period from 45 professional footballers in a women\u2019s national team were collated and confirmed with an online flight database; including duration, time zone difference, direction, trip type, and arrival\/departure times. Perceptual ratings of fatigue, sleep, stress, and soreness were self-reported for up to 3 days posttravel. Linear mixed-effects models assessed associations between travel variables and perceptual responses as outcome variables. Post hoc pairwise comparisons were conducted with estimated marginal means to assess differences between categorical variables (significance at\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.05).\n \n Results<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n :<\/jats:italic>\n Larger time zone changes were associated with increased fatigue, poorer sleep, and worse total wellness scores (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001). Eastward travel was associated with poorer perceived responses than westward, with higher fatigue (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.003), sleep (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.001), and total wellness (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.026). Morning arrivals were associated with better fatigue and sleep ratings than evening (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001), while daytime departures observed reduced fatigue (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.013) and soreness (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.004) compared with morning. Return trips were associated with greater fatigue than outbound or transition trips (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001). Most measures improved 2 days postarrival (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001). However, mostly small or trivial effect sizes were observed, and all models had low explanatory power (marginal\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u2009.001\u2013.10).\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n :<\/jats:italic>\n Larger time zone shifts, eastward travel, and evening arrivals had small associations with poorer fatigue, sleep, and total wellness, while westward travel and morning arrivals yielded small improvements. Overall, travel variables explained limited variance in wellness ratings, suggesting other factors also influence posttravel responses.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2025-0655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:58:41Z","timestamp":1785430721000},"page":"1172-1180","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Relationship of Travel Demands With Perceived Fatigue, Sleep, and Wellness of Female National Team Footballers"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5732-1681","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sophie E.","family":"Graham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4697-7784","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ewan","family":"Clements","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Football Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0791-4126","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Georgia A.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Football Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5641-1314","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rob","family":"Duffield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Football Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"r1","series-title":"J Austr Strength Cond","first-page":"53","article-title":"Effects of a congested schedule involving frequent travel on training loads and wellness: a case study of a professional Australian football team","volume":"24","author":"Waterson A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Waterson A. Effects of a congested schedule involving frequent travel on training loads and wellness: a case study of a professional Australian football team. J Austr Strength Cond. 2016;24(5):53\u201360."},{"issue":"3","key":"r2","series-title":"Biol Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2023.119288","article-title":"The type and extent of travel for professional footballers undertaking national team duties for a national football federation","volume":"40","author":"Clements E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Clements E, Ehrmann F, Clark A, Jones M, Lu D, Duffield R. The type and extent of travel for professional footballers undertaking national team duties for a national football federation. Biol Sport. 2023;40(3):707\u2013713. doi:10.5114\/biolsport.2023.119288"},{"issue":"16","key":"r3","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101635","article-title":"How to manage travel fatigue and jet lag in athletes? A systematic review of interventions","volume":"54","author":"Janse van Rensburg DCC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Janse van Rensburg DCC, Jansen van Rensburg A, Fowler P, et al. How to manage travel fatigue and jet lag in athletes? A systematic review of interventions. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(16):960\u2013968. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101635"},{"issue":"10","key":"r4","series-title":"J Sports Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410400000264","article-title":"The stress of travel","volume":"22","author":"Waterhouse J","year":"2004","unstructured":"Waterhouse J, Reilly T, Edwards B. The stress of travel. J Sports Sci. 2004;22(10):946\u2013966. doi:10.1080\/02640410400000264"},{"issue":"2","key":"r5","series-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2008.05.002","article-title":"Some chronobiological and physiological problems associated with long-distance journeys","volume":"7","author":"Reilly T","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reilly T, Waterhouse J, Edwards B. Some chronobiological and physiological problems associated with long-distance journeys. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2009;7(2):88\u2013101. doi:10.1016\/j.tmaid.2008.05.002"},{"issue":"11","key":"r6","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3234","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004021","article-title":"Effects of long-haul travel on recovery and performance in elite athletes: a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Rossiter A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rossiter A, Warrington GD, Comyns TM. Effects of long-haul travel on recovery and performance in elite athletes: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res. 2022;36(11):3234\u20133245. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004021"},{"issue":"12","key":"r7","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2023-0418","article-title":"Factors informing training load during the transition from club to national football teams","volume":"19","author":"Gould JJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gould JJ, Clements E, Ehrmann F, Duffield R. Factors informing training load during the transition from club to national football teams. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2024;19(12):1500\u20131507. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2023-0418"},{"issue":"11","key":"r8","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004532","article-title":"Monitoring training load and wellness of female footballers transitioning between club and national teams","volume":"37","author":"Brown GA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brown GA, Massard T, Wignell T, McCall A, Duffield R. Monitoring training load and wellness of female footballers transitioning between club and national teams. J Strength Cond Res. 2023;37(11):2235\u20132240. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004532"},{"issue":"10","key":"r9","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2023-0027","article-title":"Flight path and scheduling effects on perceived jet lag, fatigue, and sleep in footballers traveling to and from national teams","volume":"18","author":"Clements E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Clements E, Ehrmann F, Clark A, Jones M, McCall A, Duffield R. Flight path and scheduling effects on perceived jet lag, fatigue, and sleep in footballers traveling to and from national teams. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2023;18(10):1132\u20131140. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2023-0027"},{"issue":"3","key":"r10","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2022-0230","article-title":"Travel across more time zones results in worse perceived fatigue and sleep in national-team footballers","volume":"18","author":"Clements E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Clements E, Ehrmann F, Clark A, Jones M, McCall A, Duffield R. Travel across more time zones results in worse perceived fatigue and sleep in national-team footballers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2023;18(3):268\u2013275. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2022-0230"},{"issue":"9","key":"r11","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0165","article-title":"Impact of long-haul travel to international competition on sleep and recovery in elite male and female soccer athletes","volume":"17","author":"Biggins M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Biggins M, Purtill H, Fowler P, O\u2019Sullivan K, Cahalan R. Impact of long-haul travel to international competition on sleep and recovery in elite male and female soccer athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2022;17(9):1361\u20131370. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0165"},{"issue":"1","key":"r12","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2015-0012","article-title":"Sleep, travel, and recovery responses of national footballers during and after long-haul international air travel","volume":"11","author":"Fullagar HH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fullagar HH, Duffield R, Skorski S, et al. Sleep, travel, and recovery responses of national footballers during and after long-haul international air travel. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2016;11(1):86\u201395. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2015-0012"},{"issue":"4","key":"r13","series-title":"J Sci Med Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.08.021","article-title":"Effects of long-haul transmeridian travel on player preparedness: case study of a national team at the 2014 FIFA World Cup","volume":"20","author":"Fowler PM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fowler PM, McCall A, Jones M, Duffield R. Effects of long-haul transmeridian travel on player preparedness: case study of a national team at the 2014 FIFA World Cup. J Sci Med Sport. 2017;20(4):322\u2013327. doi:10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.08.021"},{"issue":"9","key":"r14","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaf120","article-title":"A causal and replication analysis of claims that jet lag affects team sport performance","volume":"194","author":"Tenan MS","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tenan MS, Rezai AR, Vigotsky AD. A causal and replication analysis of claims that jet lag affects team sport performance. Am J Epidemiol. 2025;194(9):2499\u20132506. doi:10.1093\/aje\/kwaf120"},{"issue":"3","key":"r15","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2013-0484","article-title":"Effects of domestic air travel on technical and tactical performance and recovery in soccer","volume":"9","author":"Fowler P","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fowler P, Duffield R, Vaile J. Effects of domestic air travel on technical and tactical performance and recovery in soccer. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2014;9(3):378\u2013386. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2013-0484"},{"issue":"13","key":"r16","series-title":"J Sports Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2017.1398883","article-title":"Impact of short- compared to long-haul international travel on the sleep and wellbeing of national wheelchair basketball athletes","volume":"36","author":"Thornton HR","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thornton HR, Miller J, Taylor L, Sargent C, Lastella M, Fowler PM. Impact of short- compared to long-haul international travel on the sleep and wellbeing of national wheelchair basketball athletes. J Sports Sci. 2018;36(13):1476\u20131484. doi:10.1080\/02640414.2017.1398883"},{"key":"r17","series-title":"Front Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01826","article-title":"Long-haul northeast travel disrupts sleep and induces perceived fatigue in endurance athletes","volume":"9","author":"Stevens CJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stevens CJ, Thornton HR, Fowler PM, Esh C, Taylor L. Long-haul northeast travel disrupts sleep and induces perceived fatigue in endurance athletes. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1826. doi:10.3389\/fphys.2018.01826"},{"issue":"12","key":"r18","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001374","article-title":"Greater effect of East versus West travel on jet lag, sleep, and team sport performance","volume":"49","author":"Fowler PM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fowler PM, Knez W, Crowcroft S, et al. Greater effect of East versus West travel on jet lag, sleep, and team sport performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017;49(12):2548\u20132561. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001374"},{"issue":"9","key":"r19","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094747","article-title":"Injury prevention strategies at the FIFA, World Cup: perceptions and practices of the physicians from the 32 participating national teams","volume":"49","author":"McCall A","year":"2014","unstructured":"McCall A, Davison M, Andersen TE, et al. Injury prevention strategies at the FIFA, World Cup: perceptions and practices of the physicians from the 32 participating national teams. Br J Sports Med. 2014;49(9):603\u2013608. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094747"},{"issue":"10","key":"r20","series-title":"Ergonomics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1080\/001401300750003943","article-title":"Do subjective symptoms predict our perception of jet-lag?","volume":"43","author":"Waterhouse J","year":"2000","unstructured":"Waterhouse J, Edwards B, Nevill A, et al. Do subjective symptoms predict our perception of jet-lag? Ergonomics. 2000;43(10):1514\u20131527. doi:10.1080\/001401300750003943"},{"issue":"1","key":"r21","series-title":"Int J Psychol Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.21500\/20112084.3552","article-title":"Anxiety in athletes: gender and type of sport differences","volume":"12","author":"Correia M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Correia M, Rosado A. Anxiety in athletes: gender and type of sport differences. Int J Psychol Res. 2019;12(1):9\u201317. doi:10.21500\/20112084.3552"},{"issue":"5","key":"r22","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199520050-00003","article-title":"Monitoring overtraining in athletes. Recommendations","volume":"20","author":"Hooper SL","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hooper SL, Mackinnon LT. Monitoring overtraining in athletes. Recommendations. Sports Med. 1995;20(5):321\u2013327. doi:10.2165\/00007256-199520050-00003"},{"issue":"9","key":"r23","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2020-0386","article-title":"Athlete-reported outcome measures for monitoring training responses: a systematic review of risk of bias and measurement property quality according to the COSMIN guidelines","volume":"15","author":"Jeffries AC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jeffries AC, Wallace L, Coutts AJ, McLaren SJ, McCall A, Impellizzeri FM. Athlete-reported outcome measures for monitoring training responses: a systematic review of risk of bias and measurement property quality according to the COSMIN guidelines. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2020;15(9):1203\u20131215. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2020-0386"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"r24","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2-127","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0395","article-title":"Athlete self-report measures in research and practice: considerations for the discerning reader and fastidious practitioner","volume":"12","author":"Saw AE","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saw AE, Kellmann M, Main LC, Gastin PB. Athlete self-report measures in research and practice: considerations for the discerning reader and fastidious practitioner. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2017;12(suppl 2):S2-127\u2013S2-135. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0395"},{"key":"r25","article-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Foundation for Statistical Computing","year":"2025","unstructured":"R Foundation for Statistical Computing. R: A language and environment for statistical computing, 2025, https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"r26","series-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J","year":"1977","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier Science & Technology; 1977."},{"issue":"4","key":"r27","series-title":"Chronobiol Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1081\/CBI-120005391","article-title":"Jet lag in athletes after eastward and westward time-zone transition","volume":"19","author":"Lemmer B","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lemmer B, Kern R-I, Nold G, Lohrer H. Jet lag in athletes after eastward and westward time-zone transition. Chronobiol Int. 2002;19(4):743\u2013764. doi:10.1081\/CBI-120005391"},{"issue":"5","key":"r28","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2024-0211","article-title":"Influence of travel demands and match load on recovery following postmatch travel in national-team footballers","volume":"20","author":"Clements E","year":"2025 2025","unstructured":"Clements E, Ehrmann F, Clark A, Jones M, McCall A, Duffield R. Influence of travel demands and match load on recovery following postmatch travel in national-team footballers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2025 2025;20(5):629\u2013637. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2024-0211"},{"issue":"7","key":"r29","series-title":"Chronobiol Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2019.1585867","article-title":"Gender differences in chronotype diminish with age: a meta-analysis based on morningness\/chronotype questionnaires","volume":"36","author":"Randler C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Randler C, Engelke J. Gender differences in chronotype diminish with age: a meta-analysis based on morningness\/chronotype questionnaires. Chronobiol Int. 2019;36(7):888\u2013905. doi:10.1080\/07420528.2019.1585867"},{"key":"r30","article-title":"2023\/24 Women\u2019s Player Workload Monitoring Report","author":"FIFPRO","year":"2024","unstructured":"FIFPRO. 2023\/24 Women\u2019s Player Workload Monitoring Report. 2024.https:\/\/fifpro.org\/en\/reports\/202324-women-s-player-workload-monitoring-report"},{"issue":"2","key":"r31","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0260-0","article-title":"Sleep and athletic performance: the effects of sleep loss on exercise performance, and physiological and cognitive responses to exercise","volume":"45","author":"Fullagar HHK","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fullagar HHK, Skorski S, Duffield R, Hammes D, Coutts AJ, Meyer T. Sleep and athletic performance: the effects of sleep loss on exercise performance, and physiological and cognitive responses to exercise. Sports Med. 2015;45(2):161\u2013186. doi:10.1007\/s40279-014-0260-0"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/21\/10\/article-p1172.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/21\/10\/article-p1172.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/21\/10\/article-p1172.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:20:46Z","timestamp":1790695246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/21\/10\/article-p1172.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2025-0655","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-0265","1555-0273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-0265","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-0273","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}}}