{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:03:24Z","timestamp":1790697804803,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Purpose<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic>\n                    To compare energy expenditure (EE), carbohydrate (CHOx), and fat oxidation (FatOx) during a high-intensity interval exercise across the early follicular, late follicular, and mid-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle (MC); the active pill (APP) and withdrawal (WP) phases of the oral contraceptive (OC) cycle; and in postmenopausal females (POS).\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Twenty-four eumenorrheic females, 18 OC users and 13 POS completed a standardized high-intensity interval running protocol (8\u2009\u00d7\u20093\u2009min at 85% vVO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    peak). Eumenorrheic participants were tested in the early follicular phase, late follicular phase, and mid-luteal phase; OC users in the APP and WP; and POS once. Hormonal phases were verified by circulating 17\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -oestradiol and progesterone. EE, CHOx, and FatOx were quantified using indirect calorimetry.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic>\n                    EE and substrate oxidation did not differ across the MC phases (all\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u2009.05). CHOx was slightly lower during APP than WP (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.025; mean difference\u2009=\u2009123\u2009mg\u00b7min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). FatOx was lower in POS compared with late follicular phase (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.03; mean difference =\u200992\u2009mg\u00b7min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and mid-luteal phase (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.039; mean difference =\u200989\u2009mg\u00b7min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ).\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Hormonal fluctuations during the MC have minimal impact on EE or substrate oxidation during exercise, suggesting their measurements do not need to be adjusted according to MC phases. However, small but significant differences were found between phases of the OC cycle, with lower CHOx during the APP compared to the WP. Finally, POS exhibit lower FatOx than eumenorrheic females.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2025-0664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T19:08:05Z","timestamp":1779131285000},"page":"1134-1142","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ovarian Sex Hormones and Substrate Oxidation During a High-Intensity Interval Exercise: A Comparative Analysis Across Distinct Phases of Females\u2019 Hormonal Profiles"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5375-5931","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Ben\u00edtez-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Salud y Deporte, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio \u2013 Mare Nostrum, M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1767-5341","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Isabel","family":"Guisado-Cuadrado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0071-1190","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carmen P.","family":"Ortega-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0456-1222","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"V\u00edctor M.","family":"Alfaro-Magallanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Institute for Sustainability & Food Chain Innovation (ISFOOD), Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Department for Health Promotion, Exercise and Physical Activity, Objetivo Mejorar tu Salud, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9754-5565","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nuria","family":"Romero-Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4007-105X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paula","family":"Acevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4871-8682","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana B.","family":"Peinado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4119-0002","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Cupeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"r1","series-title":"Endocr Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2017-00211","article-title":"Metabolic flexibility as an adaptation to energy resources and requirements in health and disease","volume":"39","author":"Smith RL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith RL, Soeters MR, W\u00fcst RCI, Houtkooper RH. 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