{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:35:13Z","timestamp":1793295313418,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"\n \n Purpose<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n :<\/jats:italic>\n This study examined acute physiological and neuromuscular responses of competitive swimmers across warm-up, prerace, and postrace time points during an official competition and explored associations with race performance.\n \n Methods<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n :<\/jats:italic>\n Eighteen university-level swimmers (10 females and 8 males; 21.3 [2.4] y) competing in sprint (50\u2013100\u00a0m) and middle-distance (200\u00a0m) events were assessed during the heats of a long-course meet. Heart rate, blood lactate ([La]), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and countermovement jump (CMJ) height were measured post-warm-up, prerace, and postrace. Official race times were converted to AQUA points.\n \n Results<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n :<\/jats:italic>\n The transition between warm-up and race averaged 42 (9)\u00a0minutes. [La] increased from 2.5\u00a0mmol\u00b7L\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n post-warm-up to 9.3 (2.2)\u00a0mmol\u00b7L\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n postrace (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001). CMJ decreased modestly (\u223c2%\u20133% from prerace to postrace), while heart rate\u00a0and RPE increased. Postrace [La] correlated strongly and negatively with AQUA points (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u2212.77,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001), indicating lower [La] accumulation in higher performing swims. Changes in heart rate, RPE, and CMJ showed no clear associations with performance.\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n :<\/jats:italic>\n Swimmers experience a partial decline in physiological readiness during the transition from warm-up to race, followed by substantial metabolic and neuromuscular stress during competition. Higher performing swims showed lower metabolic strain (ie, smaller lactate accumulation). Individualized warm-up and re-warm-up strategies that sustain readiness during prolonged transitions may help optimize performance. Monitoring simple field markers such as [La], CMJ, and RPE provides a practical framework for individualizing competition preparation.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2026-0029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:46:40Z","timestamp":1790740000000},"page":"1-4","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physiological and Neuromuscular Responses to Warm-up and Racing in Competitive Swimmers: A Field-Based Case Series"],"prefix":"10.1123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1415-7780","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"McKenna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sportscotland Institute of Sport, Stirling, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5953-4742","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Rav\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla La Mancha, Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1202-6649","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anthony P.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport, Physical Education & Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"r1","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333070-00002","article-title":"Warm up II: performance changes following active warm up and how to structure the warm up","volume":"33","author":"Bishop D","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bishop D. Warm up II: performance changes following active warm up and how to structure the warm up. Sports Med. 2003;33(7):483\u2013498. doi:10.2165\/00007256-200333070-00002"},{"issue":"11","key":"r2","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0376-x","article-title":"Warm-up strategies for sport and exercise: mechanisms and applications","volume":"45","author":"McGowan CJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"McGowan CJ, Pyne DB, Thompson KG, Rattray B. Warm-up strategies for sport and exercise: mechanisms and applications. Sports Med. 2015;45(11):1523\u20131546. doi:10.1007\/s40279-015-0376-x"},{"issue":"3","key":"r3","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0117-y","article-title":"Warm-up and performance in competitive swimming","volume":"44","author":"Neiva HP","year":"2014","unstructured":"Neiva HP, Marques MC, Barbosa TM, Izquierdo M, Marinho DA. 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