{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:35:27Z","timestamp":1793295327133,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Purpose<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Sleep supports recovery and readiness in professional sport, yet season-long objective data in women\u2019s professional soccer are limited. This study aimed to provide a longitudinal, objective description of sleep across a competitive season and to compare sleep characteristics between preseason and in-season phases.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Twenty-seven professional athletes were monitored from January to November 2024 using a finger-worn wearable. Nightly total sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency (SOL), and sleep stage durations were extracted. Preseason versus in-season differences were examined using linear mixed-effects models and reported as estimated marginal mean differences with 95% CIs.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic>\n                    During the in-season, TST averaged 7.8 (1.2)\u00a0hours (median: 7.9\u00a0h), sleep efficiency 89.1% (5.4%), and SOL 15.6 (12.6)\u00a0minutes. Mean sleep stage durations were 262.8 (52.8)\u00a0minutes (light), 96.6 (31.8)\u00a0minutes (deep), and 106.8 (34.2)\u00a0minutes (Rapid Eye Movement). Notable night-to-night variability was observed, particularly for TST (within-player coefficients of variation: 10%\u201318%) and SOL (50%\u2013114%). Compared with preseason, in-season sleep was characterized by lower REM sleep (\u22124.8\u00a0min, 95% CI \u22126.9 to \u22122.8;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001), reduced sleep efficiency (\u22120.37%, 95% CI \u22120.71 to \u22120.02;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.036), and shorter SOL (\u22121.1\u00a0min, 95% CI \u22122.0 to \u22120.2;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.020). TST did not differ between phases (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.287), and deep and light sleep remained unchanged. Effect sizes were small (Cohen\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2264 0.15).\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Group averages of sleep parameters might mask individual and seasonal changes in sleep, highlighting the need for longitudinal, athlete-specific monitoring to guide proactive sleep monitoring strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2026-0094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T02:36:14Z","timestamp":1792550174000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sleep Characteristics of Elite Female Soccer Players Competing in the National Women\u2019s Soccer League Across a Competitive Season"],"prefix":"10.1123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3272-2518","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Owen M.","family":"Munro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Washington Spirit Soccer Club, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2108-5651","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amanda G.","family":"Mutuwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Washington Spirit Soccer Club, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9033-8835","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Casey E.","family":"Greenwalt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Washington Spirit Soccer Club, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2973-5337","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7542-1107","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul","family":"Ansdell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8494-2043","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Glyn","family":"Howatson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Water Research Group, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5057-9191","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kirsty M.","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"r1","series-title":"Pflugers Arch","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-011-1044-0","article-title":"Sleep and immune function","volume":"463","author":"Besedovsky L","year":"2012","unstructured":"Besedovsky L, Lange T, Born J. Sleep and immune function. Pflugers Arch. 2012;463(1):121\u2013137. doi:10.1007\/s00424-011-1044-0"},{"issue":"7","key":"r2","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102025","article-title":"Sleep and the athlete: narrative review and 2021 expert consensus recommendations","volume":"55","author":"Walsh NP","year":"2021","unstructured":"Walsh NP, Halson SL, Sargent C, et al. Sleep and the athlete: narrative review and 2021 expert consensus recommendations. Br J Sports Med. 2021;55(7):356\u2013368.\u00a0doi: 10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102025"},{"issue":"12","key":"r3","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100590","article-title":"Wake up call for collegiate athlete sleep: narrative review and consensus recommendations from the NCAA interassociation task force on sleep and wellness","volume":"53","author":"Kroshus E","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kroshus E, Wagner J, Wyrick D, et al. Wake up call for collegiate athlete sleep: narrative review and consensus recommendations from the NCAA interassociation task force on sleep and wellness. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53(12):731\u2013736. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100590"},{"issue":"11","key":"r4","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100715","article-title":"Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement, 2019","volume":"53","author":"Reardon CL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reardon CL, Hainline B, Aron CM, et al. Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement, 2019. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53(11):667\u2013699. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100715"},{"issue":"3","key":"r5","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01963-5","article-title":"Waking up to the issue! Research inattention and sex-related differences warrant more sleep studies in female athletes","volume":"54","author":"Power CJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Power CJ, Fox JL, Elliott-Sale KJ, Bender AM, Dalbo VJ, Scanlan AT. Waking up to the issue! Research inattention and sex-related differences warrant more sleep studies in female athletes. Sports Med. 2024;54(3):565\u2013583. doi:10.1007\/s40279-023-01963-5"},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Sleep Med Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2024.101926","article-title":"Sex differences in sleep, circadian rhythms, and metabolism: implications for precision medicine","volume":"75","author":"Lok R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lok R, Qian J, Chellappa SL. Sex differences in sleep, circadian rhythms, and metabolism: implications for precision medicine. Sleep Med Rev. 2024;75:101926. doi:10.1016\/j.smrv.2024.101926"},{"issue":"6","key":"r7","series-title":"Sleep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4716","article-title":"Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society","volume":"38","author":"Watson NF","year":"2015","unstructured":"Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, et al. Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society. Sleep. 2015;38(6):843\u2013844. doi:10.5665\/sleep.4716"},{"issue":"5","key":"r8","series-title":"Strength Cond J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0b013e3182a62e2f","article-title":"Sleep, recovery, and athletic performance","volume":"35","author":"Bird SP","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bird SP. Sleep, recovery, and athletic performance. Strength Cond J. 2013;35(5):43\u201347. doi:10.1519\/SSC.0b013e3182a62e2f"},{"issue":"6","key":"r9","series-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcp.0000245705.69440.6a","article-title":"Gender differences in sleep disorders","volume":"12","author":"Krishnan V","year":"2006","unstructured":"Krishnan V, Collop NA. Gender differences in sleep disorders. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2006;12(6):383\u2013389. doi:10.1097\/01.mcp.0000245705.69440.6a"},{"issue":"4","key":"r10","series-title":"J Biol Rhythms","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730410374943","article-title":"Sex differences in phase angle of entrainment and melatonin amplitude in humans","volume":"25","author":"Cain SW","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cain SW, Dennison CF, Zeitzer JM, et al. Sex differences in phase angle of entrainment and melatonin amplitude in humans. J Biol Rhythms. 2010;25(4):288\u2013296. doi:10.1177\/0748730410374943"},{"issue":"2","key":"r11","series-title":"Sleep Med Clin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2022.02.004","article-title":"Menstrual cycle effects on sleep","volume":"17","author":"Baker FC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baker FC, Lee KA. Menstrual cycle effects on sleep. Sleep Med Clin. 2022;17(2):283\u2013294. doi:10.1016\/j.jsmc.2022.02.004"},{"issue":"1","key":"r12","series-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2024.2359608","article-title":"Effect of training load intensification on the sleep pattern of young soccer players","volume":"96","author":"Ferreira ABM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ferreira ABM, Ribeiro BLL, Medeiros da Silva I, Fontenele-Ara\u00fajo J, Mortatti AL. Effect of training load intensification on the sleep pattern of young soccer players. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2025;96(1):11\u201320. doi:10.1080\/02701367.2024.2359608"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"r13","series-title":"Eur J Sport Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S123","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2012.660505","article-title":"Athletes\u2019 precompetitive sleep behaviour and its relationship with subsequent precompetitive mood and performance","volume":"14","author":"Lastella M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lastella M, Lovell GP, Sargent C. Athletes\u2019 precompetitive sleep behaviour and its relationship with subsequent precompetitive mood and performance. Eur J Sport Sci. 2014;14(suppl 1):S123\u2013S130. doi:10.1080\/17461391.2012.660505"},{"issue":"2","key":"r14","series-title":"Sleep Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2018.10.013","article-title":"Travel fatigue and sleep\/wake behaviors of professional soccer players during international competition","volume":"5","author":"Lastella M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lastella M, Roach GD, Sargent C. Travel fatigue and sleep\/wake behaviors of professional soccer players during international competition. Sleep Health. 2019;5(2):141\u2013147. doi:10.1016\/j.sleh.2018.10.013"},{"issue":"4","key":"r15","series-title":"J Sports Sci Med","first-page":"515","article-title":"Effects of natural between-days variation in sleep on elite athletes\u2019 psychomotor vigilance and sport-specific measures of performance","volume":"17","author":"Knufinke M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Knufinke M, Nieuwenhuys A, Maase K, et al. Effects of natural between-days variation in sleep on elite athletes\u2019 psychomotor vigilance and sport-specific measures of performance. J Sports Sci Med. 2018;17(4):515\u2013524."},{"issue":"10","key":"r16","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1105","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000005508","article-title":"Neuromuscular and subjective recovery responses to day and night fixtures during congested and noncongested microcycles in professional soccer players","volume":"40","author":"Mukandi I","year":"2026","unstructured":"Mukandi I, Turner A, Bishop C, Beato M. Neuromuscular and subjective recovery responses to day and night fixtures during congested and noncongested microcycles in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2026;40(10):e1105\u2013e1119. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000005508"},{"issue":"9","key":"r17","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0218635","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218635","article-title":"Intra-individual variability of sleep and nocturnal cardiac autonomic activity in elite female soccer players during an international tournament","volume":"14","author":"Costa JA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Costa JA, Figueiredo P, Nakamura FY, Rago V, Rebelo A, Brito J. Intra-individual variability of sleep and nocturnal cardiac autonomic activity in elite female soccer players during an international tournament. PLoS One. 2019;14(9):e0218635. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0218635"},{"issue":"3","key":"r18","series-title":"Biol Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2022.108705","article-title":"What are the sleep characteristics of elite female athletes? A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Miles KH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miles KH, Clark B, Fowler PM, Miller J, Pumpa KL. What are the sleep characteristics of elite female athletes? A systematic review with meta-analysis. Biol Sport. 2022;39(3):751\u2013763. doi:10.5114\/biolsport.2022.108705"},{"issue":"7","key":"r19","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0650-6","article-title":"Does elite sport degrade sleep quality? A systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Gupta L","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gupta L, Morgan K, Gilchrist S. Does elite sport degrade sleep quality? A systematic review. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1317\u20131333. doi:10.1007\/s40279-016-0650-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"r20","series-title":"Eur J Sport Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2014.932016","article-title":"Sleep\/wake behaviours of elite athletes from individual and team sports","volume":"15","author":"Lastella M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lastella M, Roach GD, Halson SL, Sargent C. Sleep\/wake behaviours of elite athletes from individual and team sports. Eur J Sport Sci. 2015;15(2):94\u2013100. doi:10.1080\/17461391.2014.932016"},{"key":"r21","series-title":"Sleep Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.01.020","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Oura Ring Generation 3 (Gen3) with Oura\u00a0sleep staging algorithm 2.0 when compared to multi-night ambulatory polysomnography: a validation study of 96 participants and 421,045 epochs","volume":"115","author":"Svensson T","year":"2024","unstructured":"Svensson T, Madhawa K, Nt H, Chung UI, Svensson AK. Validity and reliability of the Oura Ring Generation 3 (Gen3) with Oura\u00a0sleep staging algorithm 2.0 when compared to multi-night ambulatory polysomnography: a validation study of 96 participants and 421,045 epochs. Sleep Med. 2024;115:251\u2013263. doi:10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.01.020"},{"issue":"1","key":"r22","series-title":"J Hum Kinet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2018-0054","article-title":"Characterization of the weekly external load profile of professional soccer teams from Portugal and the Netherlands","volume":"66","author":"Clemente FM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Clemente FM, Owen A, Serra-Olivares J, Nikolaidis PT, van der Linden CMI, Mendes B. Characterization of the weekly external load profile of professional soccer teams from Portugal and the Netherlands. J Hum Kinet. 2019;66(1):155\u2013164. doi:10.2478\/hukin-2018-0054"},{"key":"r23","series-title":"emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means","author":"Lenth R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lenth R. emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. R Package; 2023."},{"key":"r24","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2025","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"r25","series-title":"J Stat Softw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates D","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates D, M\u00e4chler M, Bolker B, Walker S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw. 2015;67(1):1\u201348. doi:10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"issue":"13","key":"r26","series-title":"J Stat Softw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","article-title":"ImerTest package: tests in linear mixed effects models","volume":"82","author":"Kuznetsova A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuznetsova A, Brockhoff PB, Christensen RHB. ImerTest package: tests in linear mixed effects models. J Stat Softw. 2017;82(13):1\u201326. doi:10.18637\/jss.v082.i13"},{"key":"r27","series-title":"Commun Stat Case Stud Data Anal Appl","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23737484.2026.2640439","article-title":"What you need to know when using applied statistical approaches to determine the minimal differences during monitoring of neuromuscular status in athletes: appropriate methods of analyzing data in \u201creal world\u201d scenarios of sport sciences","author":"Claudino JG","year":"March 22, 2026","unstructured":"Claudino JG, Wyatt FB. What you need to know when using applied statistical approaches to determine the minimal differences during monitoring of neuromuscular status in athletes: appropriate methods of analyzing data in \u201creal world\u201d scenarios of sport sciences. Commun Stat Case Stud Data Anal Appl. Published online March 22, 2026. doi:10.1080\/23737484.2026.2640439"},{"issue":"4","key":"r28","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000001205","article-title":"Baseline sleep characteristics in NCAA Division I collegiate athletes","volume":"34","author":"Goldman JT","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goldman JT, Donohoe B, Hatamiya N, et al. Baseline sleep characteristics in NCAA Division I collegiate athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2024;34(4):370\u2013375. doi:10.1097\/JSM.0000000000001205"},{"issue":"6","key":"r29","series-title":"J Sports Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.660188","article-title":"Sleep duration and quality in elite athletes measured using wristwatch actigraphy","volume":"30","author":"Leeder J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leeder J, Glaister M, Pizzoferro K, Dawson J, Pedlar C. Sleep duration and quality in elite athletes measured using wristwatch actigraphy. J Sports Sci. 2012;30(6):541\u2013545. doi:10.1080\/02640414.2012.660188"},{"issue":"2","key":"r30","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0260-0","article-title":"Sleep and athletic performance: the effects of sleep loss on exercise performance, and physiological and cognitive responses to exercise","volume":"45","author":"Fullagar HHK","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fullagar HHK, Skorski S, Duffield R, Hammes D, Coutts AJ, Meyer T. Sleep and athletic performance: the effects of sleep loss on exercise performance, and physiological and cognitive responses to exercise. Sports Med. 2015;45(2):161\u2013186. doi:10.1007\/s40279-014-0260-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"r31","series-title":"J Pediatr Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000151","article-title":"Chronic lack of sleep is associated with increased sports injuries in adolescent athletes","volume":"34","author":"Milewski MD","year":"2014","unstructured":"Milewski MD, Skaggs DL, Bishop GA, et al. Chronic lack of sleep is associated with increased sports injuries in adolescent athletes. J Pediatr Orthop. 2014;34(2):129\u2013133. doi:10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000151"},{"issue":"12","key":"r32","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2020-0896","article-title":"How much sleep does an elite athlete need?","volume":"16","author":"Sargent C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sargent C, Lastella M, Halson SL, Roach GD. How much sleep does an elite athlete need? Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2021;16(12):1746\u20131757. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2020-0896"},{"issue":"4","key":"r33","series-title":"J Sport Health Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.03.006","article-title":"Deconstructing athletes\u2019 sleep: a systematic review of the influence of age, sex, athletic expertise, sport type, and season on sleep characteristics","volume":"10","author":"Vlahoyiannis A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vlahoyiannis A, Aphamis G, Bogdanis GC, Sakkas GK, Andreou E, Giannaki CD. Deconstructing athletes\u2019 sleep: a systematic review of the influence of age, sex, athletic expertise, sport type, and season on sleep characteristics. J Sport Health Sci. 2021;10(4):387\u2013402. doi:10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.03.006"},{"issue":"5","key":"r34","series-title":"Eur J Sport Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2013.843024","article-title":"Sleep quantity and quality in elite youth soccer players: a pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Robey E","year":"2014","unstructured":"Robey E, Dawson B, Halson S, Gregson W, Goodman C, Eastwood P. Sleep quantity and quality in elite youth soccer players: a pilot study. Eur J Sport Sci. 2014;14(5):410\u2013417. doi:10.1080\/17461391.2013.843024"},{"key":"r35","series-title":"Physiology, sleep stages","author":"Patel AK","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patel AK, Reddy V, Shumway KR, Araujo JF. Physiology, sleep stages. StatPearls Publishing; 2024."},{"issue":"6","key":"r36","series-title":"J Sleep Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13680","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13680","article-title":"How much does sleep vary from night-to-night? A quantitative summary of intraindividual variability in sleep","volume":"31","author":"Messman BA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Messman BA, Wiley JF, Yap Y, et al. How much does sleep vary from night-to-night? A quantitative summary of intraindividual variability in sleep. J Sleep Res. 2022;31(6):e13680. doi:10.1111\/jsr.13680"},{"issue":"1","key":"r37","series-title":"Sports Med Open","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-018-0151-2","article-title":"The variability of sleep among elite athletes","volume":"4","author":"Nedelec M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nedelec M, Aloulou A, Duforez F, Meyer T, Dupont G. The variability of sleep among elite athletes. Sports Med Open. 2018;4(1):34. doi:10.1186\/s40798-018-0151-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"r38","series-title":"Sleep Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2016.11.006","article-title":"National Sleep Foundation\u2019s sleep quality recommendations: first report","volume":"3","author":"Ohayon M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ohayon M, Wickwire EM, Hirshkowitz M, et al. National Sleep Foundation\u2019s sleep quality recommendations: first report. Sleep Health. 2017;3(1):6\u201319. doi:10.1016\/j.sleh.2016.11.006"},{"issue":"16","key":"r39","series-title":"Curr Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.06.074","article-title":"REM sleep: what is it good for?","volume":"29","author":"Miller KE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miller KE, Gehrman PR. REM sleep: what is it good for? Curr Biol. 2019;29(16):R806\u2013R807. doi:10.1016\/j.cub.2019.06.074"},{"issue":"5","key":"r40","series-title":"Psychol Bull","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016570","article-title":"Overnight therapy? The role of sleep in emotional brain processing","volume":"135","author":"Walker MP","year":"2009","unstructured":"Walker MP, van der Helm E. Overnight therapy? The role of sleep in emotional brain processing. Psychol Bull. 2009;135(5):731\u2013748. doi:10.1037\/a0016570"},{"issue":"4","key":"r41","series-title":"Behav Sleep Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/15402000701557383","article-title":"The effect of psychosocial stress on sleep: a review of polysomnographic evidence","volume":"5","author":"Kim EJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kim EJ, Dimsdale JE. The effect of psychosocial stress on sleep: a review of polysomnographic evidence. Behav Sleep Med. 2007;5(4):256\u2013278. doi:10.1080\/15402000701557383"},{"issue":"13","key":"r42","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.06.039","article-title":"Entrainment of the human circadian clock to the natural light\u2013dark cycle","volume":"110","author":"Wright KP Jr","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wright KP Jr, McHill AW, Birks BR, Griffin BR, Rusterholz T, Chinoy ED. Entrainment of the human circadian clock to the natural light\u2013dark cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(13):E1126\u2013E1135. doi:10.1016\/j.cub.2013.06.039"},{"key":"r43","series-title":"Exercise Physiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.102535","article-title":"The importance of sleep in athletes","author":"Costa JA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Costa JA, Figueiredo P, Nakamura FY, Brito J. The importance of sleep in athletes. In: Ferraz R, Neiva HP, Marinho DAA, Teixeira JE, Forte PM, Branquinho L, eds. Exercise Physiology. IntechOpen; 2022. doi:10.5772\/intechopen.102535"},{"issue":"2","key":"r44","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0189","article-title":"How do the habitual sleep patterns of elite female basketball and soccer athletes compare with the general population?","volume":"17","author":"Miles KH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miles KH, Clark B, Mara JK, Fowler PM, Miller J, Pumpa KL. How do the habitual sleep patterns of elite female basketball and soccer athletes compare with the general population? Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2022;17(2):234\u2013240. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0189"},{"issue":"11","key":"r45","series-title":"Sleep","first-page":"zsz176","article-title":"The sleep of the ring: comparison of the OURA sleep tracker against polysomnography","volume":"42","author":"de Zambotti M","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Zambotti M, Rosas L, Colrain IM, Baker FC. The sleep of the ring: comparison of the OURA sleep tracker against polysomnography. Sleep. 2019;42(11):zsz176."},{"issue":"9","key":"r46","series-title":"Sleep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsaf099","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf099","article-title":"Variations in sleep duration and timing: weekday and seasonal variations in sleep are common in an analysis of 73 million nights from an objective sleep tracker","volume":"48","author":"Scott H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Scott H, Lechat B, Sansom K, et al. Variations in sleep duration and timing: weekday and seasonal variations in sleep are common in an analysis of 73 million nights from an objective sleep tracker. Sleep. 2025;48(9):zsaf099. doi:10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf099"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/aop\/article-10.1123-ijspp.2026-0094\/article-10.1123-ijspp.2026-0094.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/aop\/article-10.1123-ijspp.2026-0094\/article-10.1123-ijspp.2026-0094.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T16:54:16Z","timestamp":1793292856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/aop\/article-10.1123-ijspp.2026-0094\/article-10.1123-ijspp.2026-0094.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":46,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2026-0094","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-0265","1555-0273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-0265","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-0273","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}