{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:35:08Z","timestamp":1793295308123,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Purpose<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic>\n                    We tested the effectiveness of hand and forearm per-cooling on self-paced cycling performance in the heat. We hypothesized that continuous, localized cooling would attenuate thermal strain and improve thermal perception, thereby enhancing performance.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Ten trained cyclists (7 males and 3 females; 34 [12] y, 174.4 [8.2]\u00a0cm, 75.5 [10.6]\u00a0kg, 55.3 [10.7]\u00a0mL\u00b7kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b7min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) completed 3 randomized 20-km cycling time trials in the heat (35 \u00b0C, 50% relative humidity) while immersing their forearms and hands in a circulating water bath at 10 \u00b0C, 20 \u00b0C, or 32 \u00b0C (control) throughout.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Whole-body thermal comfort was significantly reduced in the 10 \u00b0C and 20 \u00b0C trials compared with the 32 \u00b0C trial (both\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2264 .005). However, time to completion did not improve with either 10 \u00b0C (36.6 [2.1]\u00a0min) or 20 \u00b0C (36.8 [2.2]\u00a0min) compared with control (37.0 [1.9]\u00a0min,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.476), nor did power output (10 \u00b0C: 202 [39]\u00a0W, 20 \u00b0C: 201 [42]\u00a0W, 32 \u00b0C: 202 [37]\u00a0W;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.988) or pacing strategy. Physiological strain was also not different across conditions for both mean heart rate (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.535) and rectal temperature change (10 \u00b0C: +1.3 [0.7] \u00b0C, 20 \u00b0C: +1.3 [0.5] \u00b0C, 32 \u00b0C: +1.5 [0.4] \u00b0C;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.153).\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Despite perceptual benefits, passive water immersion of the extremities did not improve time-trial performance and appears insufficient to lower the physiological strain experienced during a self-paced 20-km time trial in the heat.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2026-0112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T01:44:33Z","timestamp":1788313473000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hand and Forearm Cooling Alters Perceptual Comfort but Not Self-Paced Cycling Performance in the Heat"],"prefix":"10.1123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0619-1537","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joshua","family":"Nowlan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7023-3856","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Phillip J.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5918-8626","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Johnathan","family":"Ljubanovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4214-8543","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Toby","family":"M\u00fcndel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3233-0771","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Tyler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, Roehampton, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6149-4978","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen S.","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"Comprehensive Physiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130012","article-title":"Performance in the heat-physiological factors of importance for hyperthermia-induced fatigue","year":"2014","unstructured":"Terjung R. 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