{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T02:24:49Z","timestamp":1793845489416,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Purpose<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic>\n                    To determine whether passive warm-up via lower-limb hot-water immersion (HWI) at 42\u00a0\u00b0C produces 12-minute cycling time-trial (TT) performance comparable to active warm-up (AWU) in trained cyclists, and whether combining both strategies (HWI\u2009+\u2009AWU) confers additional benefit.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Twenty-seven tier 2 to 3 cyclists (20 men and 7 women; age 25 [4] y; training volume 9 [3]\u00a0h\/wk) completed a randomized, crossover trial. Participants performed AWU, HWI (42\u00a0\u00b0C, 45\u00a0min), or HWI\u2009+\u2009AWU before a 12-minute TT. Power output, heart rate, muscle oxygen saturation, VO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/kg, VCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/kg, respiratory exchange ratio, blood lactate, and rating of perceived exertion were measured.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Power output did not differ between conditions (AWU: 259 [52]\u00a0W; HWI: 255 [53]\u00a0W; HWI\u2009+\u2009AWU: 257 [53]\u00a0W;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.308), nor did heart rate, muscle oxygen saturation, VCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/kg, or respiratory exchange ratio. VO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/kg was lower following HWI than AWU (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.05), with a blunted response during the first 120\u00a0seconds and elevated VCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/kg during the first 60\u00a0seconds, converging thereafter. Pre-TT blood lactate was lower in HWI (1.16 [0.42]\u00a0mmol\/L) than AWU (4.01 [1.63]\u00a0mmol\/L) and HWI\u2009+\u2009AWU (4.55 [1.75]\u00a0mmol\/L;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). End-trial rating of perceived exertion was higher following HWI than AWU and HWI\u2009+\u2009AWU (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001).\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Lower-limb HWI at 42\u00a0\u00b0C for 45\u00a0minutes produces TT performance equivalent to a standardized AWU, with no additive benefit from combining strategies. These findings establish HWI as a viable preparatory alternative for high-intensity endurance cycling, particularly when conventional active preparation is constrained.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2026-0278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T02:08:23Z","timestamp":1790129303000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Passive Warm-up via Hot-Water Immersion Provides Similar Cycling Performance Benefits to Active Warm-up During a 12-Minute Cycling Time Trial"],"prefix":"10.1123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0588-0871","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Diego","family":"Ja\u00e9n-Carrillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4501-7688","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter","family":"Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurin","family":"Krohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2166-7966","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Justin S.","family":"Lawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1112-2604","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert P.","family":"Lamberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8643-3971","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patrick","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Human Movement, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"r1","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333060-00005","article-title":"Warm up I: potential mechanisms and the effects of passive warm up on exercise performance","volume":"33","author":"Bishop D","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bishop D. 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