{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T01:53:51Z","timestamp":1770515631335,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec sec-type=\"purpose\"><jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fluid overload is considered a main risk factor for exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH). The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of EAH in ultra-runners at the 100 km ultra-run in Biel, Switzerland.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pre- and postrace, body mass, urinary specific gravity, hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma [Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>], and plasma volume were determined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 145 finishers, seven runners (4.8%) developed asymptomatic EAH. While running, the athletes consumed a total of (median and interquartile ranges) 6.9 (5.1-8.8) L over the 100 km distance, equal to 0.58 (0.41-0.79) L\/h. Fluid intake correlated negatively and significantly with race time (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = -.50, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .0001). Body mass decreased, plasma [Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>] remained unchanged, hematocrit and hemoglobin decreased, and urinary specific gravity increased. Plasma volume increased by 4.6 (-2.3 to 12.8) %. Change in body mass correlated with both postrace plasma [Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>] and \u0394 plasma [Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>]. Postrace plasma [Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>] correlated to \u0394 plasma [Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>]. Fluid intake was associated neither with postrace plasma [Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>] nor with \u0394 plasma [Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>]. Fluid intake was related to \u0394 body mass (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = .21, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .012), but not to postrace body mass. Fluid intake showed no correlation to \u0394 plasma volume. Change in plasma volume was associated with postrace [Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incidences of EAH in 100 km ultra-marathoners were lower compared with reports on marathoners. Body mass decreased, plasma volume increased, and plasma [Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>] was maintained. Since fluid intake was related neither to \u0394 plasma volume nor to \u0394 plasma [Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>], we assume that factors other than fluid intake maintained body fluid homeostasis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.6.2.195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,10]],"date-time":"2016-08-10T12:01:48Z","timestamp":1470830508000},"page":"195-207","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Do Male 100-km Ultra-Marathoners Overdrink?"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Beat","family":"Knechtle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Knechtle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Rosemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198506000-00012","volume":"17","author":"Noakes TD","year":"1985","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043901","volume":"352","author":"Almond CS","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3181588790","volume":"17","author":"Chorley J","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200301000-00008","volume":"13","author":"Hew TD","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.059535","volume":"45","author":"Kipps C","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med."},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31817e3515","volume":"18","author":"Mettler S","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med."},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(01)00320-1","volume":"21","author":"Davis DP","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Emerg Med."},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02730806","volume":"2","author":"Rosner MH","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2009.03.001","volume":"29","author":"Rosner MH","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jsm.0000174702.23983.41","volume":"15","author":"Hew-Butler T","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med."},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318168ff31","volume":"18","author":"Hew-Butler T","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med."},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.2165\/11532070-000000000-00000","volume":"40","author":"Hew-Butler T","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.33.4.264","volume":"33","author":"Fallon KE","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med."},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31802b5be9","volume":"17","author":"Page AJ","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med."},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31804c77da","volume":"17","author":"Reid SA","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2002.10719254","volume":"21","author":"Glace BW","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr."},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.109.1.105-118","volume":"109","author":"Knechtle B","year":"2009","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills."},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3181da53ea","volume":"20","author":"Lebus DK","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med."},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI102501","volume":"30","author":"Strauss MB","year":"1951","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jsm.0000157652.47572.56","volume":"15","author":"Hew TD","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med."},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200411000-00004","volume":"14","author":"Reid SA","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med."},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.2478\/v10036-009-0017-2","volume":"13","author":"Tam N","year":"2009","journal-title":"Medicina Sportiva."},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200309000-00007","volume":"13","author":"Noakes T","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med."},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200737040-00048","volume":"37","author":"Verbalis JG","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"p_25","first-page":"51","volume":"44","author":"Stuemp KJ","year":"2002","journal-title":"Alaska Med."},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200305000-00008","volume":"13","author":"Stuemp KJ","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med."},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.06.028","volume":"120","author":"Siegel AJ","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601895","volume":"57","author":"Shirreffs SM","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-200209000-00010","volume":"5","author":"Kavouras SA","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care."},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2009.10599598","volume":"80","author":"Knechtle B","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-010-0500-8","volume":"180","author":"Knechtle B","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci."},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.19.3.138","volume":"19","author":"Maughan RJ","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med."},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00433390","volume":"52","author":"Whiting PH","year":"1984","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00376431","volume":"64","author":"Rehrer NJ","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3180326836","volume":"17","author":"Hew-Butler T","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med."},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00421670","volume":"47","author":"Keul J","year":"1981","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050603","volume":"80","author":"Fellmann N","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1024934","volume":"10","author":"Fellmann N","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med."},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1234-y","volume":"94","author":"Kruseman M","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.045716","volume":"43","author":"Knechtle B","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med."},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200209000-00004","volume":"12","author":"Speedy DB","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med."},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.022418","volume":"40","author":"Hew-Butler TD","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med."},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2336","volume":"93","author":"Hew-Butler T","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.049551","volume":"44","author":"Rose SC","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/6\/2\/article-p195.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/6\/2\/article-p195.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T18:32:29Z","timestamp":1652985149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/6\/2\/article-p195.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.6.2.195","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-0265","1555-0273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-0265","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-0273","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}}}