{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T17:54:19Z","timestamp":1789408459319,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec sec-type=\"purpose\"><jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the effectiveness of threshold and polarized models in the training organization of Chinese top-level sprint speed skaters using a 2-y quasi-experimental design.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two years (2004\u201305 and 2005\u201306 seasons) of the Chinese national speed-skating team\u2019s daily training load (N = 9; 5 men, 23.6 \u00b1 1.7 y, weight 76.6 \u00b1 4.1 kg, competitive experience 5.0 \u00b1 0.8 y, 500-m time 35.45 \u00b1 0.72 s, 1000-m time 71.18 \u00b1 2.28 s; 4 women, 25.3 \u00b1 6.8 y, 73.0 \u00b1 8.5 kg, 6.3 \u00b1 3.5 y, 37.81 \u00b1 0.46 s, 75.70 \u00b1 0.81 s) were collected and analyzed. Each season\u2019s training load included overall duration (calculated in min and km), frequency (calculated by overall sessions), and training intensity (measured by ear blood lactate or estimated by heart rate), Their performances at national, World Cup, and Olympic competitions during the 2 seasons (2004\u201306), as well as lactate data measured 15 and 30 min after these competitions, were also collected and analyzed. Based on the lactate data (&lt;2, 2\u20134, &gt;4 mmol\/L), training zones were classified as low, moderate, and high intensity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The total durations and frequencies of the training load were similar across the seasons, but a threshold-training model distribution was used in 2004\u201305, and a polarized-training-load organization in 2005\u201306. Under the polarized-training model, or load organization, all speed skaters\u2019 performance improved and their lactate after competition decreased considerably.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Training-intensity distribution based on a polarized-training model led to the success in top Chinese sprint speed skaters in the 2005\u201306 season.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.7.2.103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,10]],"date-time":"2016-08-10T12:02:00Z","timestamp":1470830520000},"page":"103-112","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A Quasi-Experimental Study of Chinese Top-Level Speed Skaters\u2019 Training Load: Threshold Versus Polarized 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