{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:05:30Z","timestamp":1775145930924,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Speed skating posture, or technique, is characterized by the push-off angle or effectiveness (<jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic>), determined as the angle between the push-off leg and the ice; the preextension knee angle (<jats:italic>\u03b8<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>); and the trunk angle (<jats:italic>\u03b8<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>). Together with muscle-power output and environmental conditions, skating posture, or technique, determines velocity (<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p><jats:sec sec-type=\"purpose\"><jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To gain insight into technical variables that are important to skate efficiently and perform well,<jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>\u03b8<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>,<jats:italic>\u03b8<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, and skating<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>were determined every lap during a 5000-m World Cup. Second, the authors evaluated if changes (\u0394) in<jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>\u03b8<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>, and<jats:italic>\u03b8<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>are associated with \u0394<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>One camera filmed the skaters from a frontal view, from which<jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic>was determined. Another camera filmed the skaters from a sagittal view, from which<jats:italic>\u03b8<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>and<jats:italic>\u03b8<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>were determined. Radio-frequency identification tags around the ankles of the skaters measured<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the race,<jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic>progressively increased and<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>progressively decreased, while<jats:italic>\u03b8<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>and<jats:italic>\u03b8<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>showed a less consistent pattern of change. Generalized estimating equations showed that \u0394<jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic>is significantly associated with \u0394<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>over the midsection of the race (\u03b2 = \u22120.10,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; .001) and that \u0394<jats:italic>\u03b8<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>and \u0394<jats:italic>\u03b8<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>are not significantly associated with \u0394<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The decrease in skating<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>over the race is not due to increases in power losses to air friction, as knee and trunk angle were not significantly associated with changes in velocity. The decrease in velocity can be partly ascribed to the decrease in effectiveness, which reflects a decrease in power production associated with fatigue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.2.188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,10]],"date-time":"2016-08-10T12:04:53Z","timestamp":1470830693000},"page":"188-194","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Changes in Speed Skating Velocity in Relation to Push-Off Effectiveness"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Dionne A.","family":"Noordhof","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco J.M.","family":"Hoozemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos J.","family":"de 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