{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T17:57:23Z","timestamp":1791482243262,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the characteristics of ground reaction forces (GRFs) on both limbs during sprinting in unilateral amputees wearing running-specific prostheses would provide important information that could be utilized in the evaluation of athletic performance and development of training methods in this population. The purpose of this study was to compare GRFs between intact and prosthetic limbs during sprinting in unilateral transfemoral amputees wearing running-specific prostheses. Nine sprinters with unilateral transfemoral amputation wearing the same type of prosthesis performed maximal sprinting on a 40-m runway. GRFs were recorded from 7 force plates placed in the center of the runway. Peak forces and impulses of the GRFs in each direction were compared between limbs. Peak forces in vertical, braking, propulsive, and medial directions were significantly greater in intact limbs than those in prosthetic limbs, whereas there were no significant differences in peak lateral force between limbs. Further, significantly less braking impulses were observed in prosthetic limbs than in intact limbs; however, the other measured impulses were not different between limbs. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that limb-specific rehabilitation and training strategies should be developed for transfemoral amputees wearing running-specific prostheses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2017-0008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,12]],"date-time":"2017-06-12T19:45:07Z","timestamp":1497296707000},"page":"406-409","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Ground Reaction Forces During Sprinting in Unilateral Transfemoral Amputees"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Makimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology"},{"name":"2 Tokyo University of Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Sano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology"},{"name":"2 Tokyo University of Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Hashizume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiko","family":"Murai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiyuki","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Takemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology"},{"name":"2 Tokyo University of Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Hobara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(96)90193-8","article-title":"Joint kinetics in unilateral below-knee amputee patients during running","volume":"77","author":"Sanderson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.20148284","article-title":"Kinematics of transition during human accelerated sprinting","volume":"3","author":"Nagahara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Open"},{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(99)00094-7","article-title":"Biomechanical adaptations of transtibial amputee sprinting in athletes using dedicated prostheses","volume":"15","author":"Buckley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"ref171","first-page":"35","article-title":"Changes in the step width, step length, and step frequency of the world\u2019s top sprinters during the 100\u00a0metres","volume":"21","author":"Ito","year":"2006","journal-title":"New Studies Athletics"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.5.1991","article-title":"Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more rapid leg movements","volume":"89","author":"Weyand","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/19346182.2008.9648476","article-title":"Biomechanics of double transtibial amputee sprinting using dedicated sprinting prostheses","volume":"1","author":"Br\u00fcggemann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Technol"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(87)90306-X","article-title":"Ground reaction forces in running: a reexamination","volume":"20","author":"Munro","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000126467.58091.38","article-title":"Reliability of biomechanical variables of sprint running","volume":"36","author":"Hunter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(99)90189-2","article-title":"Sprint kinematics of athletes with lower-limb amputations","volume":"80","author":"Buckley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/19346182.2008.9648476","article-title":"Biomechanics of double transtibial amputee sprinting using dedicated sprinting prostheses","volume":"1","author":"Br\u00fcggemann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Technol"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2014-0290","article-title":"Amputee locomotion: ground reaction forces during submaximal running with running-specific prostheses","volume":"32","author":"Baum","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"ref371","first-page":"35","article-title":"Changes in the step width, step length, and step frequency of the world\u2019s top sprinters during the 100\u00a0metres","volume":"21","author":"Ito","year":"2006","journal-title":"New Studies Athletics"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3109\/03093640309167975","article-title":"Walking and running inter-limb asymmetry for Paralympic trans-femoral amputees, a biomechanical analysis","volume":"27","author":"Burkett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2014-0290","article-title":"Amputee locomotion: ground reaction forces during submaximal running with running-specific prostheses","volume":"32","author":"Baum","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/026404101750158330","article-title":"Muscle power patterns in the mid-acceleration phase of sprinting","volume":"19","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.07.009","article-title":"Acceleration capability in elite sprinters and ground impulse: push more, brake less?","volume":"48","author":"Morin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.21.1.31","article-title":"Relationships between ground reaction force impulse and kinematics of sprint-running acceleration","volume":"21","author":"Hunter","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3109\/03093640309167975","article-title":"Walking and running inter-limb asymmetry for Paralympic trans-femoral amputees, a biomechanical analysis","volume":"27","author":"Burkett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2011.0877","article-title":"Leg stiffness of sprinters using running-specific prostheses","volume":"9","author":"McGowan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.07.009","article-title":"Acceleration capability in elite sprinters and ground impulse: push more, brake less?","volume":"48","author":"Morin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.5.1991","article-title":"Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more rapid leg movements","volume":"89","author":"Weyand","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00174.2009","article-title":"The fastest runner on artificial legs: different limbs, similar function?","volume":"107","author":"Weyand","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0921","article-title":"A training programme to improve hip strength in persons with lower limb amputation","volume":"44","author":"Nolan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(96)90193-8","article-title":"Joint kinetics in unilateral below-knee amputee patients during running","volume":"77","author":"Sanderson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.20148284","article-title":"Kinematics of transition during human accelerated sprinting","volume":"3","author":"Nagahara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Open"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2009.0729","article-title":"Running-specific prostheses limit ground-force during sprinting","volume":"6","author":"Grabowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0921","article-title":"A training programme to improve hip strength in persons with lower limb amputation","volume":"44","author":"Nolan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/026404101750158330","article-title":"Muscle power patterns in the mid-acceleration phase of sprinting","volume":"19","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref141","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Statistical Power for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000126467.58091.38","article-title":"Reliability of biomechanical variables of sprint running","volume":"36","author":"Hunter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref341","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Statistical Power for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(87)90306-X","article-title":"Ground reaction forces in running: a reexamination","volume":"20","author":"Munro","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2011.0877","article-title":"Leg stiffness of sprinters using running-specific prostheses","volume":"9","author":"McGowan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(99)90189-2","article-title":"Sprint kinematics of athletes with lower-limb amputations","volume":"80","author":"Buckley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(99)00094-7","article-title":"Biomechanical adaptations of transtibial amputee sprinting in athletes using dedicated prostheses","volume":"15","author":"Buckley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00174.2009","article-title":"The fastest runner on artificial legs: different limbs, similar function?","volume":"107","author":"Weyand","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.21.1.31","article-title":"Relationships between ground reaction force impulse and kinematics of sprint-running acceleration","volume":"21","author":"Hunter","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2009.0729","article-title":"Running-specific prostheses limit ground-force during sprinting","volume":"6","author":"Grabowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Lett"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Biomechanics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jab\/33\/6\/article-p406.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jab\/33\/6\/article-p406.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T20:41:33Z","timestamp":1652992893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jab\/33\/6\/article-p406.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jab.2017-0008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1065-8483","1543-2688"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1065-8483","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-2688","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]]}}}