{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T20:36:03Z","timestamp":1762029363960,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Higher medial\u2013lateral forces have been reported in individuals with stiffer foot arches. However, this was in a small sample of military personnel who ran with a rearfoot strike pattern. Therefore, our purpose was to investigate whether runners, both rearfoot and forefoot strikers, show different associations between medial\u2013lateral forces and arch stiffness. A group of 118 runners (80 rearfoot strikers and 38 forefoot strikers) were recruited. Ground reaction force data were collected during running on an instrumented treadmill. Arch flexibility was assessed as the difference in arch height from sitting to standing positions, and participants were classified into stiff\/flexible groups. Group comparisons were performed for the ratio of medial:vertical and lateral:vertical impulses. In rearfoot strikers, runners with stiff arches demonstrated significantly higher medial:vertical impulse ratios (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.036). Forefoot strikers also demonstrated higher proportions of medial forces; however, the mean difference did not reach statistical significance (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.084). No differences were detected in the proportion of lateral forces between arch flexibility groups. Consistent with previous findings in military personnel, our results indicate that recreational runners with stiffer arches have a higher proportion of medial forces. Therefore, increasing foot flexibility may increase the ability to attenuate medial forces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2020-0205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,26]],"date-time":"2020-12-26T07:21:02Z","timestamp":1608967262000},"page":"118-121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Relationships Between Arch Height Flexibility and Medial\u2013Lateral Ground Reaction Forces in Rearfoot and Forefoot Strike Runners"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Caleb D.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Harvard Medical School"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene S.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Harvard Medical School"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1177\/230949901502300321","article-title":"Forefoot flexibility and medial tibial stress syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Kudo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00005-5","article-title":"Arch structure and injury patterns in runners","volume":"16","author":"Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1177\/230949901502300321","article-title":"Forefoot flexibility and medial tibial stress syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Kudo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000254","article-title":"Joint kinetics in rearfoot versus forefoot running: implications of switching technique","volume":"46","author":"Stearne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00005-5","article-title":"Arch structure and injury patterns in runners","volume":"16","author":"Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1001\/archfami.2.7.773","article-title":"Foot morphologic characteristics and risk of exercise-related injury","volume":"2","author":"Cowan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Fam Med"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1989.tb08655.x","article-title":"Ground reaction forces at different speeds of human walking and running","volume":"136","author":"Nilsson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001420","article-title":"The influence of foot-strike technique on the neuromechanical function of the foot","volume":"50","author":"Kelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.3.05","article-title":"Increased medial longitudinal arch mobility, lower extremity kinematics, and ground reaction forces in high-arched runners","volume":"49","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.7547\/0980102","article-title":"Arch height index measurement system: establishment of reliability and normative values","volume":"98","author":"Butler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.16.2.210","article-title":"Lower extremity mechanics in runners with a converted forefoot strike pattern","volume":"16","author":"Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070602700509","article-title":"The effect of gender, age, and lateral dominance on arch height and arch stiffness","volume":"27","author":"Zifchock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/00221325.1962.10533572","article-title":"Interference effects of Stroop color-word test in childhood, adulthood, and aging","volume":"100","author":"Comalli","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Genet Psychol"},{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foot.2008.01.004","article-title":"The relationship between the height of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) and the ankle and knee injuries in professional runners","volume":"18","author":"Nakhaee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Foot"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070602700509","article-title":"The effect of gender, age, and lateral dominance on arch height and arch stiffness","volume":"27","author":"Zifchock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1001\/archfami.2.7.773","article-title":"Foot morphologic characteristics and risk of exercise-related injury","volume":"2","author":"Cowan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Fam Med"},{"key":"ref241","first-page":"5","article-title":"Physical rejection for military service; some problems of reconstruction","volume":"9","author":"Beard","year":"1919","journal-title":"Sci Monthly"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.16.2.210","article-title":"Lower extremity mechanics in runners with a converted forefoot strike pattern","volume":"16","author":"Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.7547\/0980102","article-title":"Arch height index measurement system: establishment of reliability and normative values","volume":"98","author":"Butler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.","year":"1988","author":"Cohen","key":"ref351"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465990270050701","article-title":"The effect of foot structure and range of motion on musculoskeletal overuse injuries","volume":"27","author":"Kaufman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/00221325.1962.10533572","article-title":"Interference effects of Stroop color-word test in childhood, adulthood, and aging","volume":"100","author":"Comalli","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Genet Psychol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.3.05","article-title":"Increased medial longitudinal arch mobility, lower extremity kinematics, and ground reaction forces in high-arched runners","volume":"49","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1989.tb08655.x","article-title":"Ground reaction forces at different speeds of human walking and running","volume":"136","author":"Nilsson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000254","article-title":"Joint kinetics in rearfoot versus forefoot running: implications of switching technique","volume":"46","author":"Stearne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foot.2008.01.004","article-title":"The relationship between the height of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) and the ankle and knee injuries in professional runners","volume":"18","author":"Nakhaee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Foot"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001420","article-title":"The influence of foot-strike technique on the neuromechanical function of the foot","volume":"50","author":"Kelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"5","article-title":"Physical rejection for military service; some problems of reconstruction","volume":"9","author":"Beard","year":"1919","journal-title":"Sci Monthly"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.7547\/15-051","article-title":"The relationship between arch height and arch flexibility: a proposed arch flexibility classification system for the description of multidimensional foot structure","volume":"107","author":"Zifchock","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2014.02.005","article-title":"Is the rearfoot pattern the most frequently foot strike pattern among recreational shod distance runners?","volume":"16","author":"de Almeida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.7547\/15-051","article-title":"The relationship between arch height and arch flexibility: a proposed arch flexibility classification system for the description of multidimensional foot structure","volume":"107","author":"Zifchock","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.01.012","article-title":"The relationship between foot arch flexibility and medial-lateral ground reaction force distribution","volume":"69","author":"Zifchock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2014.02.005","article-title":"Is the rearfoot pattern the most frequently foot strike pattern among recreational shod distance runners?","volume":"16","author":"de Almeida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.","year":"1988","author":"Cohen","key":"ref161"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.01.012","article-title":"The relationship between foot arch flexibility and medial-lateral ground reaction force distribution","volume":"69","author":"Zifchock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465990270050701","article-title":"The effect of foot structure and range of motion on musculoskeletal overuse injuries","volume":"27","author":"Kaufman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Biomechanics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jab\/37\/2\/article-p118.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jab\/37\/2\/article-p118.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T20:31:38Z","timestamp":1652992298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jab\/37\/2\/article-p118.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jab.2020-0205","relation":{},"ISSN":["1065-8483","1543-2688"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1065-8483"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1543-2688"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]}}}