{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T22:51:47Z","timestamp":1771023107368,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Peak knee valgus has been shown to predict anterior cruciate ligament injury. The purpose of the current study was to compare peak rate of torque development (RTD) to peak isometric torque as a predictor of peak knee valgus during landing. Twenty-three healthy females participated. Hip abductor muscle performance was quantified using 2 types of isometric contractions: sustained and rapid. Peak isometric torque was calculated from the sustained isometric contraction. Peak RTD was calculated from the rapid isometric contraction (0\u201350 and 0\u2013200\u00a0ms after force initiation). Kinematic data were collected during the deceleration phase of a double-leg drop jump task. Linear regression was used to assess the ability of hip abductor muscle performance variables to predict peak knee valgus. Increased peak RTD during the 0 to 50 milliseconds window after force initiation was found to significantly predict lower peak knee valgus (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.011, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u2009.32). In contrast, neither peak RTD from 0 to 200 milliseconds after force initiation window (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.45, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u2009.03) nor peak isometric torque (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.49, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u2009.03) predicted peak knee valgus. The inability of the hip abductors to rapidly generate muscular force may be more indicative of \u201cat-risk\u201d movement behavior in females than measures of maximum strength.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2020-0398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T15:32:23Z","timestamp":1632151943000},"page":"471-476","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Hip Abductor Rate of Torque Development as Opposed to Isometric Strength Predicts Peak Knee Valgus During Landing: Implications for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Kristen M.","family":"Stearns-Reider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of California, Los Angeles"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel K.","family":"Straub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of Southern California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Powers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of Southern California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3346-6","article-title":"Rate of force development: physiological and methodological considerations","volume":"116","author":"Maffiuletti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513518410","article-title":"Improvements in hip muscle performance result in increased use of the hip extensors and abductors during a landing task","volume":"42","author":"Stearns","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref371","first-page":"76","article-title":"Hip abductor function and lower extremity landing kinematics: sex differences","volume":"42","author":"Jacobs","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"ref541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31827c0b94","article-title":"Influence of relative hip and knee extensor muscle strength on landing biomechanics","volume":"45","author":"Stearns","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.08.004","article-title":"Sex differences in trunk, pelvis, hip and knee kinematics and eccentric hip torque in adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Scattone Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.037374","article-title":"Relationship between hip strength and frontal plane posture of the knee during a forward lunge","volume":"41","author":"Thijs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2012.3987","article-title":"Trunk, pelvis, hip, and knee kinematics, hip strength, and gluteal muscle activation during a single-leg squat in males and females with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2018.05.015","article-title":"The relationship between hip muscle strength and dynamic knee valgus in asymptomatic females: a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Dix","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"76","article-title":"Hip abductor function and lower extremity landing kinematics: sex differences","volume":"42","author":"Jacobs","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00283.2002","article-title":"Increased rate of force development and neural drive of human skeletal muscle following resistance training","volume":"93","author":"Aagaard","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.08.004","article-title":"Sex differences in trunk, pelvis, hip and knee kinematics and eccentric hip torque in adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Scattone Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31827c0b94","article-title":"Influence of relative hip and knee extensor muscle strength on landing biomechanics","volume":"45","author":"Stearns","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510376053","article-title":"Biomechanical measures during landing and postural stability predict second anterior cruciate ligament injury after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and return to sport","volume":"38","author":"Paterno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504269591","article-title":"Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: a prospective study","volume":"33","author":"Hewett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3214","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-014-3168-1","article-title":"Speed, not magnitude, of knee extensor torque production is associated with self-reported knee function early after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction","volume":"23","author":"Hsieh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.22.1.41","article-title":"Relationship between hip and knee strength and knee valgus during a single leg squat","volume":"22","author":"Claiborne","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"ref401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2012.3987","article-title":"Trunk, pelvis, hip, and knee kinematics, hip strength, and gluteal muscle activation during a single-leg squat in males and females with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210100451","article-title":"Maximal voluntary force and rate of force development in humans\u2014importance of instruction","volume":"85","author":"Sahaly","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506293899","article-title":"Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in basketball: video analysis of 39 cases","volume":"35","author":"Krosshaug","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510376053","article-title":"Biomechanical measures during landing and postural stability predict second anterior cruciate ligament injury after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and return to sport","volume":"38","author":"Paterno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"ref491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232596711663957","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967116639578","article-title":"Greater hip extension but not hip abduction explosive strength is associated with lesser hip adduction and knee valgus motion during a single-leg jump-cut","volume":"4","author":"Cronin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504269591","article-title":"Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: a prospective study","volume":"33","author":"Hewett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00283.2002","article-title":"Increased rate of force development and neural drive of human skeletal muscle following resistance training","volume":"93","author":"Aagaard","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515616237","article-title":"Hip muscle strength predicts noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury in male and female athletes: a prospective study","volume":"44","author":"Khayambashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(05)80056-8","article-title":"Effect of gender on lower extremity kinematics during rapid direction changes: an integrated analysis of three sports movements","volume":"8","author":"McLean","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2017.1363692","article-title":"Rate of torque development and feedforward control of the hip and knee extensors: gender differences","volume":"50","author":"Stearns-Reider","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.22.1.41","article-title":"Relationship between hip and knee strength and knee valgus during a single leg squat","volume":"22","author":"Claiborne","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000218140.05074.fa","article-title":"Core strength and lower extremity alignment during single leg squats","volume":"38","author":"Willson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2008.2726","article-title":"Muscle strength in the lower extremity does not predict postinstruction improvements in the landing patterns of female athletes","volume":"38","author":"Mizner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref301","first-page":"25","article-title":"Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the female athlete","volume":"4","author":"Toth","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gend Specif Med"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.18.1.104","article-title":"Relationships between knee valgus, hip-muscle strength, and hip-muscle recruitment during a single-limb step-down","volume":"18","author":"Hollman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.27.3.223","article-title":"Relationship between eccentric hip torque and lower-limb kinematics: gender differences","volume":"27","author":"Baldon Rde","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"ref461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2018.05.015","article-title":"The relationship between hip muscle strength and dynamic knee valgus in asymptomatic females: a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Dix","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.27.3.223","article-title":"Relationship between eccentric hip torque and lower-limb kinematics: gender differences","volume":"27","author":"Baldon Rde","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"ref451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2008.2695","article-title":"Predictors of frontal plane knee excursion during a drop land in young female soccer players","volume":"38","author":"Sigward","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232596711663957","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967116639578","article-title":"Greater hip extension but not hip abduction explosive strength is associated with lesser hip adduction and knee valgus motion during a single-leg jump-cut","volume":"4","author":"Cronin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2009.11.004","article-title":"Drop jump landing knee valgus angle; normative data in a physically active population","volume":"11","author":"Herrington","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2008.2695","article-title":"Predictors of frontal plane knee excursion during a drop land in young female soccer players","volume":"38","author":"Sigward","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3214","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-014-3168-1","article-title":"Speed, not magnitude, of knee extensor torque production is associated with self-reported knee function early after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction","volume":"23","author":"Hsieh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000218140.05074.fa","article-title":"Core strength and lower extremity alignment during single leg squats","volume":"38","author":"Willson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3346-6","article-title":"Rate of force development: physiological and methodological considerations","volume":"116","author":"Maffiuletti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref291","first-page":"760","article-title":"Current concepts of plyometric exercise","volume":"10","author":"Davies","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.18.1.104","article-title":"Relationships between knee valgus, hip-muscle strength, and hip-muscle recruitment during a single-limb step-down","volume":"18","author":"Hollman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210100451","article-title":"Maximal voluntary force and rate of force development in humans\u2014importance of instruction","volume":"85","author":"Sahaly","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515616237","article-title":"Hip muscle strength predicts noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury in male and female athletes: a prospective study","volume":"44","author":"Khayambashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2008.2726","article-title":"Muscle strength in the lower extremity does not predict postinstruction improvements in the landing patterns of female athletes","volume":"38","author":"Mizner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506293899","article-title":"Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in basketball: video analysis of 39 cases","volume":"35","author":"Krosshaug","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2009.11.004","article-title":"Drop jump landing knee valgus angle; normative data in a physically active population","volume":"11","author":"Herrington","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"key":"ref01","first-page":"25","article-title":"Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the female athlete","volume":"4","author":"Toth","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gend Specif Med"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"ref521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2017.1363692","article-title":"Rate of torque development and feedforward control of the hip and knee extensors: gender differences","volume":"50","author":"Stearns-Reider","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"ref551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513518410","article-title":"Improvements in hip muscle performance result in increased use of the hip extensors and abductors during a landing task","volume":"42","author":"Stearns","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2015.06.013","article-title":"Can two-dimensional video analysis during single-leg drop vertical jumps help identify non-contact knee injury risk? A one-year prospective study","volume":"30","author":"Dingenen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"ref121","first-page":"592","article-title":"The influence of hip strength on knee kinematics during a single-legged medial drop landing among competitive collegiate basketball players","volume":"10","author":"Suzuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref421","first-page":"592","article-title":"The influence of hip strength on knee kinematics during a single-legged medial drop landing among competitive collegiate basketball players","volume":"10","author":"Suzuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.037374","article-title":"Relationship between hip strength and frontal plane posture of the knee during a forward lunge","volume":"41","author":"Thijs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(05)80056-8","article-title":"Effect of gender on lower extremity kinematics during rapid direction changes: an integrated analysis of three sports movements","volume":"8","author":"McLean","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"ref591","first-page":"760","article-title":"Current concepts of plyometric exercise","volume":"10","author":"Davies","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2015.06.013","article-title":"Can two-dimensional video analysis during single-leg drop vertical jumps help identify non-contact knee injury risk? A one-year prospective study","volume":"30","author":"Dingenen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Biomechanics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jab\/37\/5\/article-p471.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jab\/37\/5\/article-p471.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T20:31:49Z","timestamp":1652992309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jab\/37\/5\/article-p471.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jab.2020-0398","relation":{},"ISSN":["1065-8483","1543-2688"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1065-8483","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-2688","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]}}}