{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T04:24:18Z","timestamp":1793766258003,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To describe the possible effects of chronic specific exercise training, the present study compared the anthropometric variables, muscle\u2013tendon unit (MTU) architecture, passive stiffness, and force production capacity between a group of competitive cyclists and runners. Twenty-seven competitive male cyclists (n\u2009=\u200916) and runners (n\u2009=\u200911) participated. B-mode ultrasound evaluation of the vastus lateralis muscle and patellar tendon as well as passive stiffness of the knee extensors MTU were assessed. The athletes then performed a test of knee extensor maximal voluntary isometric contractions. Cyclists displayed greater thigh girths, vastus lateralis pennation angle and muscle thickness, patellar tendon cross-sectional area, and MTU passive stiffness than runners (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). Knee extensor force production capacity also differed significantly, with cyclists showing greater values compared with runners (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). Overall, the direct comparison of these 2 populations revealed specific differences in the MTU, conceivably related to the chronic requirements imposed through the training for the different disciplines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2022-0072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T01:54:05Z","timestamp":1668650045000},"page":"412-423","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Differences in Knee Extensors\u2019 Muscle\u2013Tendon Unit Passive Stiffness, Architecture, and Force Production in Competitive Cyclists Versus Runners"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Cesanelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigitas","family":"Kamandulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nerijus","family":"Eimantas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danguole","family":"Satkunskiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10254-002-0004-7","article-title":"Molecular basis of skeletal muscle plasticity--from gene to form and function","volume":"146","author":"Fl\u00fcck M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fl\u00fcck M, Hoppeler H. Molecular basis of skeletal muscle plasticity--from gene to form and function. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol. 2003;146:159\u2013216. doi:10.1007\/s10254-002-0004-710.1007\/s10254-002-0004-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"r2","series-title":"J Neuromuscul Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-200568","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle hypertrophy","volume":"8","author":"Schiaffino S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schiaffino S, Reggiani C, Akimoto T, Blaauw B. Molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. J Neuromuscul Dis. 2021;8(2):169\u2013183. doi:10.3233\/JND-20056810.3233\/JND-200568"},{"issue":"7","key":"r3","series-title":"Cells","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9071658","article-title":"Identifying the structural adaptations that drive the mechanical load-induced growth of skeletal muscle: a scoping review","volume":"9","author":"Jorgenson KW","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jorgenson KW, Phillips SM, Hornberger TA. Identifying the structural adaptations that drive the mechanical load-induced growth of skeletal muscle: a scoping review. Cells. 2020;9(7):1658. doi:10.3390\/cells907165810.3390\/cells9071658"},{"issue":"1","key":"r4","series-title":"J Phys Fit Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.7600\/jpfsm.5.37","article-title":"Training-induced changes in architecture of human skeletal muscles: current evidence and unresolved issues","volume":"5","author":"Ema R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ema R, Akagi R, Wakahara T, Kawakami Y. Training-induced changes in architecture of human skeletal muscles: current evidence and unresolved issues. J Phys Fit Sports Med. 2016;5(1):37\u201346. doi:10.7600\/jpfsm.5.3710.7600\/jpfsm.5.37"},{"issue":"5","key":"r5","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00700.2018","article-title":"Adaptations in the passive mechanical properties of skeletal muscle to altered patterns of use","volume":"126","author":"Blazevich AJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blazevich AJ. Adaptations in the passive mechanical properties of skeletal muscle to altered patterns of use. J Appl Physiol. 2019;126(5):1483\u20131491. doi:10.1152\/japplphysiol.00700.201810.1152\/japplphysiol.00700.2018"},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Front Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00247","article-title":"A critical evaluation of the biological construct skeletal muscle hypertrophy: size matters but so does the measurement","volume":"10","author":"Haun CT","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haun CT, Vann CG, Roberts BM, Vigotsky AD, Schoenfeld BJ, Roberts MD. A critical evaluation of the biological construct skeletal muscle hypertrophy: size matters but so does the measurement. Front Physiol. 2019;10:247. doi:10.3389\/fphys.2019.0024710.3389\/fphys.2019.00247"},{"issue":"16","key":"r7","series-title":"J Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3809","DOI":"10.1113\/JP280867","article-title":"Biochemical and structural basis of the passive mechanical properties of whole skeletal muscle","volume":"599","author":"Lieber RL","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lieber RL, Binder-Markey BI. Biochemical and structural basis of the passive mechanical properties of whole skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 2021;599(16):3809\u20133823. doi:10.1113\/JP28086710.1113\/JP280867"},{"issue":"5","key":"r8","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.86.5.1445","article-title":"Length dependence of active force production in skeletal muscle","volume":"86","author":"Rassier DE","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rassier DE, MacIntosh BR, Herzog W. Length dependence of active force production in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol. 1999;86(5):1445\u20131457. doi:10.1152\/jappl.1999.86.5.144510.1152\/jappl.1999.86.5.1445"},{"issue":"1570","key":"r9","series-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0316","article-title":"Skeletal muscle design to meet functional demands","volume":"366","author":"Lieber RL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lieber RL, Ward SR. Skeletal muscle design to meet functional demands. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 2011;366(1570):1466\u20131476. doi:10.1098\/rstb.2010.031610.1098\/rstb.2010.0316"},{"key":"r10","series-title":"SpringerPlus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 403","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-403","article-title":"Lower limb body composition is associated to knee passive extension torque-angle response","volume":"2","author":"Neto T","year":"2013","unstructured":"Neto T, Freitas S, Vaz J, Silva AM, Mil-Homens P, Carita AI. Lower limb body composition is associated to knee passive extension torque-angle response. SpringerPlus. 2013;2:Article 403. doi:10.1186\/2193-1801-2-40310.1186\/2193-1801-2-403"},{"issue":"2","key":"r11","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21218","article-title":"Passive properties of the muscle-tendon unit: the influence of muscle cross-sectional area","volume":"39","author":"Ryan ED","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ryan ED, Herda TJ, Costa PB, et\u00a0al. Passive properties of the muscle-tendon unit: the influence of muscle cross-sectional area. Muscle Nerve. 2009;39(2):227\u2013229. doi:10.1002\/mus.2121810.1002\/mus.21218"},{"issue":"1","key":"r12","series-title":"BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-021-00233-z","article-title":"Association between plantar flexor muscle volume and dorsiflexion flexibility in healthy young males: ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging studies","volume":"13","author":"Suga T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Suga T, Terada M, Tomoo K, et\u00a0al. Association between plantar flexor muscle volume and dorsiflexion flexibility in healthy young males: ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging studies. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2021;13(1):Article 8. doi:10.1186\/s13102-021-00233-z10.1186\/s13102-021-00233-z"},{"issue":"6","key":"r13","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200006000-00014","article-title":"Fascicle length of leg muscles is greater in sprinters than distance runners","volume":"32","author":"Abe T","year":"2000","unstructured":"Abe T, Kumagai K, Brechue WF. Fascicle length of leg muscles is greater in sprinters than distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(6):1125\u20131129. doi:10.1097\/00005768-200006000-0001410.1097\/00005768-200006000-00014"},{"issue":"1","key":"r14","series-title":"Sci Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5362","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84870-x","article-title":"Correlation analysis between lower limb muscle architectures and cycling power via ultrasonography","volume":"11","author":"Lee HJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee HJ, Lee KW, Takeshi K, Lee YW, Kim HJ. Correlation analysis between lower limb muscle architectures and cycling power via ultrasonography. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):5362. doi:10.1038\/s41598-021-84870-x10.1038\/s41598-021-84870-x"},{"issue":"9","key":"r15","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 4510","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094510","article-title":"Response of knee extensor muscle-tendon unit stiffness to unaccustomed and repeated high-volume eccentric exercise","volume":"18","author":"Muanjai P","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muanjai P, Mickevicius M, Snieckus A, et\u00a0al. Response of knee extensor muscle-tendon unit stiffness to unaccustomed and repeated high-volume eccentric exercise. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(9):Article 4510. doi:10.3390\/ijerph1809451010.3390\/ijerph18094510"},{"issue":"11","key":"r16","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-2967-x","article-title":"Effects of isometric training on the knee extensor moment-angle relationship and vastus lateralis muscle architecture","volume":"114","author":"Alegre LM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alegre LM, Ferri-Morales A, Rodriguez-Casares R, Aguado X. Effects of isometric training on the knee extensor moment-angle relationship and vastus lateralis muscle architecture. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014;114(11):2437\u20132446. doi:10.1007\/s00421-014-2967-x10.1007\/s00421-014-2967-x"},{"issue":"3","key":"r17","series-title":"Acta Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12225","article-title":"Architectural, functional and molecular responses to concentric and eccentric loading in human skeletal muscle","volume":"210","author":"Franchi MV","year":"2014","unstructured":"Franchi MV, Atherton PJ, Reeves ND, et\u00a0al. Architectural, functional and molecular responses to concentric and eccentric loading in human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol. 2014;210(3):642\u2013654. doi:10.1111\/apha.1222510.1111\/apha.12225"},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Front Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00447","article-title":"Skeletal muscle remodeling in response to eccentric vs. concentric loading: morphological, molecular, and metabolic adaptations","volume":"8","author":"Franchi MV","year":"2017","unstructured":"Franchi MV, Reeves ND, Narici MV. Skeletal muscle remodeling in response to eccentric vs. concentric loading: morphological, molecular, and metabolic adaptations. Front Physiol. 2017;8:447. doi:10.3389\/fphys.2017.0044710.3389\/fphys.2017.00447"},{"issue":"3","key":"r19","series-title":"Aust J Physiother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(14)60606-1","article-title":"The passive mechanical properties of muscle and their adaptations to altered patterns of use","volume":"34","author":"Herbert R","year":"1988","unstructured":"Herbert R. The passive mechanical properties of muscle and their adaptations to altered patterns of use. Aust J Physiother. 1988;34(3):141\u2013149. doi:10.1016\/S0004-9514(14)60606-110.1016\/S0004-9514(14)60606-1"},{"issue":"3","key":"r20","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00719.2016","article-title":"Changes in muscle fiber contractility and extracellular matrix production during skeletal muscle hypertrophy","volume":"122","author":"Mendias CL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mendias CL, Schwartz AJ, Grekin JA, Gumucio JP, Sugg KB. Changes in muscle fiber contractility and extracellular matrix production during skeletal muscle hypertrophy. J Appl Physiol. 2017;122(3):571\u2013579. doi:10.1152\/japplphysiol.00719.201610.1152\/japplphysiol.00719.2016"},{"issue":"11","key":"r21","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199111000-00015","article-title":"Moment-length relations of rectus femoris muscles of speed skaters\/cyclists and runners","volume":"23","author":"Herzog W","year":"1991","unstructured":"Herzog W, Guimaraes AC, Anton MG, Carter-Erdman KA. Moment-length relations of rectus femoris muscles of speed skaters\/cyclists and runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;23(11):1289\u20131296. https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/acsm-msse\/Abstract\/1991\/11000\/Moment_length_relations_of_rectus_femoris_muscles.15.aspx10.1249\/00005768-199111000-00015"},{"issue":"4","key":"r22","series-title":"Biol Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.5604\/20831862.1077552","article-title":"Comparison of anthropometric characteristics between professional triathletes and cyclists","volume":"30","author":"Brunkhorst L","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brunkhorst L, Kielstein H. Comparison of anthropometric characteristics between professional triathletes and cyclists. Biol Sport. 2013;30(4):269\u2013273. doi:10.5604\/20831862.107755210.5604\/20831862.1077552"},{"issue":"9","key":"r23","series-title":"J Sports Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410600951589","article-title":"Muscle - tendon unit mechanical and morphological properties and sprint performance","volume":"25","author":"Stafilidis S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stafilidis S, Arampatzis A. Muscle - tendon unit mechanical and morphological properties and sprint performance. J Sports Sci. 2007;25(9):1035\u20131046. doi:10.1080\/0264041060095158910.1080\/02640410600951589"},{"key":"r24","series-title":"Front Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607208","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.607208","article-title":"Quadriceps and patellar tendon thickness and stiffness in elite track cyclists: an ultrasonographic and myotonometric evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Klich S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Klich S, Ficek K, Krymski I, et\u00a0al. Quadriceps and patellar tendon thickness and stiffness in elite track cyclists: an ultrasonographic and myotonometric evaluation. Front Physiol. 2020;11:607208. doi:10.3389\/fphys.2020.60720810.3389\/fphys.2020.607208"},{"issue":"2","key":"r25","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13570","article-title":"Mechanical and morphological determinants of peak power output in elite cyclists","volume":"30","author":"Kordi M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kordi M, Folland J, Goodall S, et\u00a0al. Mechanical and morphological determinants of peak power output in elite cyclists. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(2):227\u2013237. doi:10.1111\/sms.1357010.1111\/sms.13570"},{"issue":"4","key":"r26","series-title":"J Sci Med Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(00)80008-0","article-title":"The bioenergetics of world class cycling","volume":"3","author":"Jeukendrup AE","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jeukendrup AE, Craig NP, Hawley JA. The bioenergetics of world class cycling. J Sci Med Sport. 2000;3(4):414\u2013433. doi:10.1016\/s1440-2440(00)80008-010.1016\/S1440-2440(00)80008-0"},{"issue":"20","key":"r27","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"2191","article-title":"World medical association declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"310","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Medical Association. World medical association declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013;310(20):2191\u20132194. doi:10.1001\/jama.2013.281053"},{"issue":"5","key":"r28","series-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(00)00027-4","article-title":"Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures","volume":"10","author":"Hermens HJ","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Disselhorst-Klug C, Rau G. Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2000;10(5):361\u2013374. doi:10.1016\/s1050-6411(00)00027-410.1016\/S1050-6411(00)00027-4"},{"issue":"4","key":"r29","series-title":"Int J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-821000","article-title":"Recruitment of the thigh muscles during sprint cycling by muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"26","author":"Akima H","year":"2005","unstructured":"Akima H, Kinugasa R, Kuno S. Recruitment of the thigh muscles during sprint cycling by muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Sports Med. 2005;26(4):245\u2013252. doi:10.1055\/s-2004-82100010.1055\/s-2004-821000"},{"issue":"9","key":"r30","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3428-5","article-title":"Quadriceps and hamstring muscle activity during cycling as measured with intramuscular electromyography","volume":"116","author":"da Silva JCL","year":"2016","unstructured":"da Silva JCL, Tarassova O, Ekblom MM, Andersson E, R\u00f6nquist G, Arndt A. Quadriceps and hamstring muscle activity during cycling as measured with intramuscular electromyography. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116(9):1807\u20131817. doi:10.1007\/s00421-016-3428-510.1007\/s00421-016-3428-5"},{"issue":"6","key":"r31","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24901","article-title":"Muscle activation of the quadriceps and hamstrings during incremental running","volume":"52","author":"Camic CL","year":"2015","unstructured":"Camic CL, Kovacs AJ, Enquist EA, McLain TA, Hill EC. Muscle activation of the quadriceps and hamstrings during incremental running. Muscle Nerve. 2015;52(6):1023\u20131029. doi:10.1002\/mus.2490110.1002\/mus.24901"},{"issue":"10","key":"r32","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002024","article-title":"Muscle stiffness of the vastus lateralis in sprinters and long-distance runners","volume":"51","author":"Miyamoto N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miyamoto N, Hirata K, Inoue K, Hashimoto T. Muscle stiffness of the vastus lateralis in sprinters and long-distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019;51(10):2080\u20132087. doi:10.1249\/MSS.000000000000202410.1249\/MSS.0000000000002024"},{"issue":"7","key":"r33","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13662","article-title":"Gastrocnemius medialis and vastus lateralis in vivo muscle-tendon behavior during running at increasing speeds","volume":"30","author":"Monte A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Monte A, Baltzopoulos V, Maganaris CN, Zamparo P. Gastrocnemius medialis and vastus lateralis in vivo muscle-tendon behavior during running at increasing speeds. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(7):1163\u20131176. doi:10.1111\/sms.1366210.1111\/sms.13662"},{"issue":"3","key":"r34","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318197009a","article-title":"Muscle architecture and optimum angle of the knee flexors and extensors: a comparison between cyclists and Australian Rules football players","volume":"24","author":"Brughelli M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brughelli M, Cronin J, Nosaka K. Muscle architecture and optimum angle of the knee flexors and extensors: a comparison between cyclists and Australian Rules football players. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(3):717\u2013721. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318197009a10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318197009a"},{"key":"r35","series-title":"Open Access J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S136653","article-title":"Potential factors associated with knee pain in cyclists: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Bini RR","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bini RR, Bini AF. Potential factors associated with knee pain in cyclists: a systematic review. Open Access J Sports Med. 2018;9:99\u2013106. doi:10.2147\/OAJSM.S13665310.2147\/OAJSM.S136653"},{"issue":"6","key":"r36","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0158441","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158441","article-title":"Are sport-specific profiles of tendon stiffness and cross-sectional area determined by structural or functional integrity?","volume":"11","author":"Wiesinger HP","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wiesinger HP, Rieder F, K\u00f6sters A, M\u00fcller E, Seynnes OR. Are sport-specific profiles of tendon stiffness and cross-sectional area determined by structural or functional integrity? PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0158441. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.015844110.1371\/journal.pone.0158441"},{"key":"r37","series-title":"Front Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00132","article-title":"Sport-specific capacity to use elastic energy in the patellar and Achilles tendons of elite athletes","volume":"8","author":"Wiesinger HP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wiesinger HP, Rieder F, K\u00f6sters A, M\u00fcller E, Seynnes OR. Sport-specific capacity to use elastic energy in the patellar and Achilles tendons of elite athletes. Front Physiol. 2017;8:132. doi:10.3389\/fphys.2017.0013210.3389\/fphys.2017.00132"},{"issue":"4","key":"r38","series-title":"Exp Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1113\/EP086190","article-title":"The influence of patellar tendon and muscle-tendon unit stiffness on quadriceps explosive strength in man","volume":"102","author":"Massey GJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Massey GJ, Balshaw TG, Maden-Wilkinson TM, Tillin NA, Folland JP. The influence of patellar tendon and muscle-tendon unit stiffness on quadriceps explosive strength in man. Exp Physiol. 2017;102(4):448\u2013461. doi:10.1113\/EP08619010.1113\/EP086190"},{"key":"r39","series-title":"Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Technical Guidelines","author":"Beggs, I.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beggs, I., Bianchi, S., Bueno, A., et\u00a0al. (2017) Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Technical Guidelines. European Society of Musculoskeletal Radiology. https:\/\/essr.org\/subcommittees\/ultrasound\/"},{"issue":"6","key":"r40","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01436-7","article-title":"Implementing ultrasound imaging for the assessment of muscle and tendon properties in elite sports: practical aspects, methodological considerations and future directions","volume":"51","author":"Sarto F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sarto F, Sp\u00f6rri J, Fitze DP, Quinlan JI, Narici MV, Franchi MV. Implementing ultrasound imaging for the assessment of muscle and tendon properties in elite sports: practical aspects, methodological considerations and future directions. Sports Med. 2021;51(6):1151\u20131170. doi:10.1007\/s40279-021-01436-710.1007\/s40279-021-01436-7"},{"issue":"5","key":"r41","series-title":"Clin Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2013.01.007","article-title":"Ultrasonographic measurement of patellar tendon thickness\u2014a study of intra- and interobserver reliability","volume":"37","author":"Skou ST","year":"2013","unstructured":"Skou ST, Aalkjaer JM. Ultrasonographic measurement of patellar tendon thickness\u2014a study of intra- and interobserver reliability. Clin Imaging. 2013;37(5):934\u2013937. doi:10.1016\/j.clinimag.2013.01.00710.1016\/j.clinimag.2013.01.007"},{"issue":"11","key":"r42","series-title":"Diagnostics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10110882","article-title":"Ultrasound characterization of patellar tendon in non-elite sport players with painful patellar tendinopathy: absolute values or relative ratios? A pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Arias-Bur\u00eda JL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arias-Bur\u00eda JL, Fern\u00e1ndez-de-las-Pe\u00f1as C, Rodr\u00edguez-Jim\u00e9nez J, et\u00a0al. Ultrasound characterization of patellar tendon in non-elite sport players with painful patellar tendinopathy: absolute values or relative ratios? A pilot study. Diagnostics. 2020;10(11):882. doi:10.3390\/diagnostics1011088210.3390\/diagnostics10110882"},{"key":"r43","series-title":"Hum Mov Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2019.102514","article-title":"Acute effects of foam rolling on passive stiffness, stretch sensation and fascial sliding: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"67","author":"Krause F","year":"2019","unstructured":"Krause F, Wilke J, Niederer D, Vogt L, Banzer W. Acute effects of foam rolling on passive stiffness, stretch sensation and fascial sliding: a randomized controlled trial. Hum Mov Sci. 2019;67:102514. doi:10.1016\/j.humov.2019.10251410.1016\/j.humov.2019.102514"},{"issue":"6","key":"r44","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3346-6","article-title":"Rate of force development: physiological and methodological considerations","volume":"116","author":"Maffiuletti NA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maffiuletti NA, Aagaard P, Blazevich AJ, Folland J, Tillin N, Duchateau J. Rate of force development: physiological and methodological considerations. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116(6):1091\u20131116. doi:10.1007\/s00421-016-3346-610.1007\/s00421-016-3346-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"r45","series-title":"Phys Ther Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2006.07.002","article-title":"Acute changes in passive stiffness and range of motion post-stretching","volume":"7","author":"Whatman C","year":"2006","unstructured":"Whatman C, Knappstein A, Hume P. Acute changes in passive stiffness and range of motion post-stretching. Phys Ther Sport. 2006;7(4):195\u2013200. doi:10.1016\/j.ptsp.2006.07.00210.1016\/j.ptsp.2006.07.002"},{"issue":"8","key":"r46","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3666-1","article-title":"The effects of 4 weeks stretching training to the point of pain on flexibility and muscle tendon unit properties","volume":"117","author":"Muanjai P","year":"2017","unstructured":"Muanjai P, Jones DA, Mickevicius M, et\u00a0al. The effects of 4 weeks stretching training to the point of pain on flexibility and muscle tendon unit properties. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017;117(8):1713\u20131725. doi:10.1007\/s00421-017-3666-110.1007\/s00421-017-3666-1"},{"issue":"10","key":"r47","series-title":"Sports Med Auckl NZ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200232100-00002","article-title":"Muscle strength testing: use of normalisation for body size","volume":"32","author":"Jaric S","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jaric S. Muscle strength testing: use of normalisation for body size. Sports Med Auckl NZ. 2002;32(10):615\u2013631. doi:10.2165\/00007256-200232100-0000210.2165\/00007256-200232100-00002"},{"issue":"6","key":"r48","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e219057","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219057","article-title":"Intra- and inter-rater reproducibility of ultrasound imaging of patellar and quadriceps tendons in critically ill patients","volume":"14","author":"Castro J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Castro J, Livino de Carvalho K, Silva PE, et\u00a0al. Intra- and inter-rater reproducibility of ultrasound imaging of patellar and quadriceps tendons in critically ill patients. PLoS One. 2019;14(6):e219057. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.021905710.1371\/journal.pone.0219057"},{"issue":"4","key":"r49","series-title":"J Ultrasound Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.16.03086","article-title":"Body mass normalization for ultrasound measurements of adolescent lateral abdominal muscle thickness","volume":"36","author":"Linek P","year":"2017","unstructured":"Linek P, Saulicz E, Wolny T, My\u015bliwiec A. Body mass normalization for ultrasound measurements of adolescent lateral abdominal muscle thickness. J Ultrasound Med. 2017;36(4):775\u2013782. doi:10.7863\/ultra.16.0308610.7863\/ultra.16.03086"},{"issue":"6","key":"r50","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.6.2740","article-title":"Muscle-fiber pennation angles are greater in hypertrophied than in normal muscles","volume":"74","author":"Kawakami Y","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kawakami Y, Abe T, Fukunaga T. Muscle-fiber pennation angles are greater in hypertrophied than in normal muscles. J Appl Physiol. 1993;74(6):2740\u20132744. doi:10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.6.274010.1152\/jappl.1993.74.6.2740"},{"issue":"5","key":"r51","series-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.01.020","article-title":"A novel sonographic method of measuring patellar tendon length","volume":"38","author":"Gellhorn AC","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gellhorn AC, Morgenroth DC, Goldstein B. A novel sonographic method of measuring patellar tendon length. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2012;38(5):719\u2013726. doi:10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.01.02010.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.01.020"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"r52","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236067","article-title":"Length and moment arm of human leg muscles as a function of knee and hip-joint angles","volume":"61","author":"Visser JJ","year":"1990","unstructured":"Visser JJ, Hoogkamer JE, Bobbert MF, Huijing PA. Length and moment arm of human leg muscles as a function of knee and hip-joint angles. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1990;61(5\u20136):453\u2013460. doi:10.1007\/BF0023606710.1007\/BF00236067"},{"issue":"1","key":"r53","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","volume":"41","author":"Hopkins WG","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hopkins WG, Marshall SW, Batterham AM, Hanin J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(1):3\u201313. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb27810.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278"},{"issue":"5","key":"r54","series-title":"Prof Psychol Res Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015808","article-title":"An effect size primer: a guide for clinicians and researchers","volume":"40","author":"Ferguson CJ","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ferguson CJ. An effect size primer: a guide for clinicians and researchers. Prof Psychol Res Pract. 2009;40(5):532\u2013538. doi:10.1037\/a001580810.1037\/a0015808"},{"issue":"3","key":"r55","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0213347","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213347","article-title":"Correlations between muscle-tendon parameters and acceleration ability in 20\u00a0m sprints","volume":"14","author":"Monte A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Monte A, Zamparo P. Correlations between muscle-tendon parameters and acceleration ability in 20\u00a0m sprints. PLoS One. 2019;14(3):e0213347. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.021334710.1371\/journal.pone.0213347"},{"issue":"7","key":"r56","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181ce509d","article-title":"Muscle stiffness and rate of torque development during sprint cycling","volume":"42","author":"Watsford M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Watsford M, Ditroilo M, Fern\u00e1ndez-Pe\u00f1a E, D\u2019Amen G, Lucertini F. Muscle stiffness and rate of torque development during sprint cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(7):1324\u20131332. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181ce509d10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181ce509d"},{"issue":"4","key":"r57","series-title":"J Appl Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.27.4.336","article-title":"Morphological and mechanical properties of muscle and tendon in highly trained sprinters","volume":"27","author":"Kubo K","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kubo K, Ikebukuro T, Yata H, Tomita M, Okada M. Morphological and mechanical properties of muscle and tendon in highly trained sprinters. J Appl Biomech. 2011;27(4):336\u2013344. doi:10.1123\/jab.27.4.33610.1123\/jab.27.4.336"},{"issue":"6","key":"r58","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.76.6.2714","article-title":"Musculotendinous stiffness: its relationship to eccentric, isometric, and concentric performance","volume":"76","author":"Wilson GJ","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wilson GJ, Murphy AJ, Pryor JF. Musculotendinous stiffness: its relationship to eccentric, isometric, and concentric performance. J Appl Physiol. 1994;76(6):2714\u20132719. doi:10.1152\/jappl.1994.76.6.271410.1152\/jappl.1994.76.6.2714"},{"key":"r59","series-title":"Sports Med Open","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-015-0009-9","article-title":"Human tendon adaptation in response to mechanical loading: a systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise intervention studies on healthy adults","volume":"1","author":"Bohm S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bohm S, Mersmann F, Arampatzis A. Human tendon adaptation in response to mechanical loading: a systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise intervention studies on healthy adults. Sports Med Open. 2015;1:7. doi:10.1186\/s40798-015-0009-910.1186\/s40798-015-0009-9"},{"issue":"3","key":"r60","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199006000-00013","article-title":"Internal forces of chronic running injury sites","volume":"22","author":"Scott SH","year":"1990","unstructured":"Scott SH, Winter DA. Internal forces of chronic running injury sites. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990;22(3):357\u2013369. PubMed ID: 238130410.1249\/00005768-199006000-00013"},{"issue":"9","key":"r61","series-title":"Phys Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/67.9.1365","article-title":"Patellofemoral joint forces during ergometric cycling","volume":"67","author":"Ericson MO","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ericson MO, Nisell R. Patellofemoral joint forces during ergometric cycling. Phys Ther. 1987;67(9):1365\u20131369. doi:10.1093\/ptj\/67.9.136510.1093\/ptj\/67.9.1365"},{"issue":"24","key":"r62","series-title":"Appl Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5493","DOI":"10.3390\/app9245493","article-title":"Changes in ground reaction forces, joint mechanics, and stiffness during treadmill running to fatigue","volume":"9","author":"Luo Z","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luo Z, Zhang X, Wang J, Yang Y, Xu Y, Fu W. Changes in ground reaction forces, joint mechanics, and stiffness during treadmill running to fatigue. Appl Sci. 2019;9(24):5493. doi:10.3390\/app924549310.3390\/app9245493"},{"issue":"6","key":"r63","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181ddfcf8","article-title":"Running kinematics and shock absorption do not change after brief exhaustive running","volume":"25","author":"Abt JP","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abt JP, Sell TC, Chu Y, Lovalekar M, Burdett RG, Lephart SM. Running kinematics and shock absorption do not change after brief exhaustive running. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25(6):1479\u20131485. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181ddfcf810.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181ddfcf8"},{"issue":"1","key":"r64","series-title":"Phys Ther Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2012.02.003","article-title":"Effects of moving forward or backward on the saddle on knee joint forces during cycling","volume":"14","author":"Bini RR","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bini RR, Hume PA, Lanferdini FJ, Vaz MA. Effects of moving forward or backward on the saddle on knee joint forces during cycling. Phys Ther Sport. 2013;14(1):23\u201327. doi:10.1016\/j.ptsp.2012.02.00310.1016\/j.ptsp.2012.02.003"},{"issue":"10","key":"r65","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31821b00c5","article-title":"Joint-specific power production during submaximal and maximal cycling","volume":"43","author":"Elmer SJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Elmer SJ, Barratt PR, Korff T, Martin JC. Joint-specific power production during submaximal and maximal cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(10):1940\u20131947. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31821b00c510.1249\/MSS.0b013e31821b00c5"},{"issue":"1","key":"r66","series-title":"Sports Med Open","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-021-00341-7","article-title":"Maximal muscular power: lessons from sprint cycling","volume":"7","author":"Douglas J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Douglas J, Ross A, Martin JC. Maximal muscular power: lessons from sprint cycling. Sports Med Open. 2021;7(1):48. doi:10.1186\/s40798-021-00341-710.1186\/s40798-021-00341-7"},{"issue":"4","key":"r67","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.11.015","article-title":"Joint-specific power production and fatigue during maximal cycling","volume":"42","author":"Martin JC","year":"2009","unstructured":"Martin JC, Brown NAT. Joint-specific power production and fatigue during maximal cycling. J Biomech. 2009;42(4):474\u2013479. doi:10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.11.01510.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.11.015"},{"issue":"11","key":"r68","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0467","article-title":"Coping with the \u201csmall sample\u2013small relevant effects\u201d dilemma in elite sport research","volume":"16","author":"Skorski S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Skorski S, Hecksteden A. Coping with the \u201csmall sample\u2013small relevant effects\u201d dilemma in elite sport research. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2021;16(11):1559\u20131560. doi:10.1123\/ijspp.2021-046710.1123\/ijspp.2021-0467"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Biomechanics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jab\/38\/6\/article-p412.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jab\/38\/6\/article-p412.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jab\/38\/6\/article-p412.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T23:28:28Z","timestamp":1669850908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jab\/38\/6\/article-p412.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jab.2022-0072","relation":{},"ISSN":["1065-8483","1543-2688"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1065-8483","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-2688","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]}}}