{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T16:30:48Z","timestamp":1788885048913,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Intramuscular (iEMG) and surface electromyographic (sEMG) signals have been compared previously using predictive regression equations, finite element modeling, and correlation and cross-correlation analyses. Although subcutaneous fat thickness (SCFT) has been identified as a primary source of sEMG signal amplitude attenuation and low-pass filter equivalence, few studies have explored the potential effect of SCFT on sEMG and iEMG signal characteristics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between normalized submaximal iEMG and sEMG signal amplitudes collected from 4 muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, infraspinatus, and erector spinae) and determine whether SCFT explains more variance in this relationship. The effect of sex was also explored. Linear regression models demonstrated that the relationship between sEMG and iEMG was highly variable across the muscles examined (adjusted coefficient of determination [Adj\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ]\u2009=\u2009.02\u2013.74). SCFT improved the model fit for vastus lateralis, although this relationship only emerged with the inclusion of sex as a covariate. Thus, this research suggests that SCFT is not a prominent factor affecting the linearity between sEMG and iEMG. Researchers should investigate other parameters that may affect the linearity between sEMG and iEMG signals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2024-0101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T15:03:46Z","timestamp":1733843026000},"page":"47-55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluating the Relationship Between Surface and Intramuscular-Based Electromyography Signals: Implications of Subcutaneous Fat Thickness"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5534-8632","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Russell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8825-3093","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sam S.","family":"Vasilounis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0482-0180","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Desroches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6092-5043","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Talia","family":"Alenabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4380-372X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Janessa D.M.","family":"Drake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5211-6417","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jaclyn N.","family":"Chopp-Hurley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2019.07.008","article-title":"Consensus for experimental design in electromyography (CEDE) project: electrode selection matrix","volume":"48","author":"Besomi M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Besomi M, Hodges PW, Van Die\u00ebn J, et\u00a0al. Consensus for experimental design in electromyography (CEDE) project: electrode selection matrix. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2019;48:128\u2013144. PubMed ID: 31352156 doi:10.1016\/j.jelekin.2019.07.008"},{"issue":"3","key":"r2","series-title":"Gait Posture","first-page":"211","article-title":"Using surface electrodes for the evaluation of the rectus femoris, vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscles in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"5","author":"\u00d5unpuu S","year":"1997","unstructured":"\u00d5unpuu S, DeLuca PA, Bell KJ, et\u00a0al. Using surface electrodes for the evaluation of the rectus femoris, vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscles in children with cerebral palsy. Gait Posture. 1997;5(3):211\u2013216."},{"issue":"5","key":"r3","series-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2009.10.003","article-title":"On the suitability of using surface electrode placements to estimate muscle activity of the rotator cuff as recorded by intramuscular electrodes","volume":"20","author":"Waite DL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Waite DL, Brookham RL, Dickerson CR. On the suitability of using surface electrode placements to estimate muscle activity of the rotator cuff as recorded by intramuscular electrodes. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2010;20(5):903\u2013911. PubMed ID: 19932033 doi:10.1016\/j.jelekin.2009.10.003"},{"issue":"1","key":"r4","series-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev","first-page":"23","article-title":"The accurate assessment of muscle excitation requires the detection of multiple surface electromyograms","volume":"49","author":"Vieira TM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vieira TM, Botter A. The accurate assessment of muscle excitation requires the detection of multiple surface electromyograms. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2021;49(1):23\u201334."},{"issue":"1887","key":"r5","series-title":"Philos Trans R Soc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2008.0235","article-title":"Analysis of intramuscular electromyogram signals","volume":"367","author":"Merletti R","year":"2009","unstructured":"Merletti R, Farina D. Analysis of intramuscular electromyogram signals. Philos Trans R Soc. 2009;367(1887):357\u2013368. doi:10.1098\/rsta.2008.0235"},{"issue":"2","key":"r6","series-title":"J Appl Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.13.2.135","article-title":"The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics","volume":"13","author":"De Luca CJ","year":"1997","unstructured":"De Luca CJ. The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics. J Appl Biomech. 1997;13(2):135\u2013163. doi:10.1123\/jab.13.2.135"},{"issue":"1","key":"r7","series-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3109\/03093640309167976","article-title":"The effect of subcutaneous fat on myoelectric signal amplitude and cross-talk","volume":"27","author":"Kuiken TA","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kuiken TA, Lowery M, Stoykov N. The effect of subcutaneous fat on myoelectric signal amplitude and cross-talk. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2003;27(1):48\u201354. PubMed ID: 12812327 doi:10.3109\/03093640309167976"},{"issue":"5","key":"r8","series-title":"Proc IEEE","first-page":"653","article-title":"Interpretation of myoelectric power spectra: a model and its applications","volume":"65","author":"Lindstrom LH","year":"1977","unstructured":"Lindstrom LH, Magnusson RI. Interpretation of myoelectric power spectra: a model and its applications. Proc IEEE. 1977;65(5):653\u2013662."},{"issue":"6","key":"r9","series-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02442444","article-title":"Influence of electrode geometry on bipolar recordings of the surface electromyogram","volume":"16","author":"Lynn P","year":"1978","unstructured":"Lynn P, Bettles N, Hughes A, et\u00a0al. Influence of electrode geometry on bipolar recordings of the surface electromyogram. Med Biol Eng Comput. 1978;16(6):651\u2013660. PubMed ID: 310926 doi:10.1007\/BF02442444"},{"issue":"9","key":"r10","series-title":"Med Eng Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2008.02.009","article-title":"The effect of the subcutaneous fat on the transfer of current through skin and into muscle","volume":"30","author":"Petrofsky J","year":"2008","unstructured":"Petrofsky J. The effect of the subcutaneous fat on the transfer of current through skin and into muscle. Med Eng Phys. 2008;30(9):1168\u20131176. PubMed ID: 18400550 doi:10.1016\/j.medengphy.2008.02.009"},{"issue":"6","key":"r11","series-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2005.03.002","article-title":"Rectus femoris surface myoelectric signal cross-talk during static contractions","volume":"15","author":"Byrne C","year":"2005","unstructured":"Byrne C, Lyons G, Donnelly A, et\u00a0al. Rectus femoris surface myoelectric signal cross-talk during static contractions. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2005;15(6):564\u2013575. PubMed ID: 15946862 doi:10.1016\/j.jelekin.2005.03.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"r12","series-title":"Electroencephalogr Cin Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(94)90071-X","article-title":"The effects of skinfold thickness on the selectivity of surface EMG","volume":"93","author":"Enrique J","year":"1994","unstructured":"Enrique J, Milner TE. The effects of skinfold thickness on the selectivity of surface EMG. Electroencephalogr Cin Neurophysiol. 1994;93(2):91\u201399. doi:10.1016\/0168-5597(94)90071-X"},{"issue":"2","key":"r13","series-title":"J Electromtogr Kinesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2012.09.008","article-title":"Feasibility study of detecting surface electromyograms in severely obese patients","volume":"23","author":"Minetto MA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Minetto MA, Botter A, \u0160prager S, et\u00a0al. Feasibility study of detecting surface electromyograms in severely obese patients. J Electromtogr Kinesiol. 2013;23(2):285\u2013295. doi:10.1016\/j.jelekin.2012.09.008"},{"issue":"1","key":"r14","series-title":"J Electromtogr Kinesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(99)80004-2","article-title":"Surface vs. fine-wire electrode ensemble-averaged signals during gait","volume":"5","author":"Jacobson WC","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jacobson WC, Gabel RH, Brand RA. Surface vs. fine-wire electrode ensemble-averaged signals during gait. J Electromtogr Kinesiol. 1995;5(1):37\u201344. doi:10.1016\/S1050-6411(99)80004-2"},{"key":"r15","series-title":"J Electromtogr Kinesiol","article-title":"Tutorial. Surface EMG detection, conditioning and pre-processing: best practices","volume":"54","author":"Merletti R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Merletti R, Cerone G. Tutorial. Surface EMG detection, conditioning and pre-processing: best practices. J Electromtogr Kinesiol. 2020;54:102440."},{"key":"r16","series-title":"J Electromtogr Kinesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2020.102438","article-title":"Consensus for experimental design in electromyography (CEDE) project: amplitude normalization matrix","volume":"53","author":"Besomi M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Besomi M, Hodges PW, Clancy EA, et\u00a0al. Consensus for experimental design in electromyography (CEDE) project: amplitude normalization matrix. J Electromtogr Kinesiol. 2020;53:102438. doi:10.1016\/j.jelekin.2020.102438"},{"key":"r17","series-title":"J Electromtogr Kinesiol","article-title":"Tutorial. Surface EMG detection in space and time: best practices","volume":"49","author":"Merletti R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Merletti R, Muceli S. Tutorial. Surface EMG detection in space and time: best practices. J Electromtogr Kinesiol. 2019;49:102363."},{"issue":"11","key":"r18","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880171111","article-title":"Recording characteristics of the surface EMG electrodes","volume":"17","author":"Barkhaus PE","year":"1994","unstructured":"Barkhaus PE, Nandedkar SD. Recording characteristics of the surface EMG electrodes. Muscle Nerve. 1994;17(11):1317\u20131323. PubMed ID: 7935554 doi:10.1002\/mus.880171111"},{"issue":"4","key":"r19","series-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(97)00009-6","article-title":"Volume conduction models for surface EMG: confrontation with measurements","volume":"7","author":"Roeleveld K","year":"1997","unstructured":"Roeleveld K, Blok JH, Stegeman DF, et\u00a0al. Volume conduction models for surface EMG: confrontation with measurements. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 1997;7(4):221\u2013232. PubMed ID: 11369265 doi:10.1016\/S1050-6411(97)00009-6"},{"key":"r20","series-title":"J Biomech.","article-title":"The ability of surface electromyography to represent supraspinatus anterior and posterior partition activity depends on elevation angle, hand load and plane of elevation","volume":"99","author":"Cudlip AC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cudlip AC, Kim SY, Dickerson CR. The ability of surface electromyography to represent supraspinatus anterior and posterior partition activity depends on elevation angle, hand load and plane of elevation. J Biomech. 2020;99:109526."},{"key":"r21","series-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol","first-page":"55","article-title":"Representing fine-wire EMG with surface EMG in three thigh muscles during high knee flexion movements","volume":"43","author":"Kingston DC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kingston DC, Acker SM. Representing fine-wire EMG with surface EMG in three thigh muscles during high knee flexion movements. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2018;43:55\u201361. PubMed ID: 30237132"},{"issue":"1","key":"r22","series-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(99)00020-6","article-title":"Relationship between EMG signals and force in human vastus lateralis muscle using multiple bipolar wire electrodes","volume":"10","author":"Onishi H","year":"2000","unstructured":"Onishi H, Yagi R, Akasaka K, et\u00a0al. Relationship between EMG signals and force in human vastus lateralis muscle using multiple bipolar wire electrodes. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2000;10(1):59\u201367. PubMed ID: 10659450 doi:10.1016\/S1050-6411(99)00020-6"},{"issue":"6","key":"r23","series-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2013.08.002","article-title":"Comparing surface and indwelling electromyographic signals of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles during submaximal axial humeral rotation","volume":"23","author":"Allen TR","year":"2013","unstructured":"Allen TR, Brookham RL, Cudlip AC, et\u00a0al. Comparing surface and indwelling electromyographic signals of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles during submaximal axial humeral rotation. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2013;23(6):1343\u20131349. PubMed ID: 24011854 doi:10.1016\/j.jelekin.2013.08.002"},{"issue":"1","key":"r24","series-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2010.08.007","article-title":"The use of surface electrodes to record infraspinatus activity is not valid at low infraspinatus activation levels","volume":"21","author":"Johnson VL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Johnson VL, Halaki M, Ginn KA. The use of surface electrodes to record infraspinatus activity is not valid at low infraspinatus activation levels. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2011;21(1):112\u2013118. PubMed ID: 20884227 doi:10.1016\/j.jelekin.2010.08.007"},{"issue":"1","key":"r25","series-title":"Clin Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(02)00140-7","article-title":"Surface EMG electrodes do not accurately record from lumbar multifidus muscles","volume":"18","author":"Stokes IA","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stokes IA, Henry SM, Single RM. Surface EMG electrodes do not accurately record from lumbar multifidus muscles. Clin Biomech. 2003;18(1):9\u201313. doi:10.1016\/S0268-0033(02)00140-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"r26","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.06.010","article-title":"Surface electromyography does not accurately reflect rectus femoris activity during gait: impact of speed and crouch on vasti-to-rectus crosstalk","volume":"32","author":"Barr KM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barr KM, Miller AL, Chapin KB. Surface electromyography does not accurately reflect rectus femoris activity during gait: impact of speed and crouch on vasti-to-rectus crosstalk. Gait Posture. 2010;32(3):363\u2013368. PubMed ID: 20691597 doi:10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.06.010"},{"issue":"5","key":"r27","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10256","article-title":"Surface EMG crosstalk between knee extensor muscles: experimental and model results","volume":"26","author":"Farina D","year":"2002","unstructured":"Farina D, Merletti R, Indino B, et\u00a0al. Surface EMG crosstalk between knee extensor muscles: experimental and model results. Muscle Nerve. 2002;26(5):681\u2013695. PubMed ID: 12402291 doi:10.1002\/mus.10256"},{"issue":"6","key":"r28","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-0819-1","article-title":"Influence of the subcutaneous fat layer, as measured by ultrasound, skinfold calipers and BMI, on the EMG amplitude","volume":"89","author":"Nordander C","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nordander C, Willner J, Hansson G-\u00c5, et\u00a0al. Influence of the subcutaneous fat layer, as measured by ultrasound, skinfold calipers and BMI, on the EMG amplitude. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;89(6):514\u2013519. PubMed ID: 12712347 doi:10.1007\/s00421-003-0819-1"},{"issue":"8","key":"r29","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31819e8e5d","article-title":"Sex differences in quadriceps and hamstrings EMG-moment relationships","volume":"41","author":"Krishnan C","year":"2009","unstructured":"Krishnan C, Williams GN. Sex differences in quadriceps and hamstrings EMG-moment relationships. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(8):1652\u20131660. PubMed ID: 19568193 doi:10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31819e8e5d"},{"issue":"4","key":"r30","series-title":"Eur Neurol","first-page":"229","article-title":"Influence of sex and age on EMG contraction pattern","volume":"12","author":"Visser S","year":"1975","unstructured":"Visser S, De Rijke W. Influence of sex and age on EMG contraction pattern. Eur Neurol. 1975;12(4):229\u2013235."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"r31","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1293-0","article-title":"Sex differences in muscle fatigability and activation patterns of the human quadriceps femoris","volume":"94","author":"Clark B","year":"2005","unstructured":"Clark B, Collier SR, Manini TM, et\u00a0al. Sex differences in muscle fatigability and activation patterns of the human quadriceps femoris. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005;94(1\u20132):196\u2013206. PubMed ID: 15791418 doi:10.1007\/s00421-004-1293-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"r32","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"165","article-title":"Using surface electromyogrpahy to assess sex differences in neuromsucular response characteristics","volume":"34","author":"Schultz SJ","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schultz SJ, Perrin DH. Using surface electromyogrpahy to assess sex differences in neuromsucular response characteristics. J Athl Train. 1999;34(2):165\u2013176."},{"issue":"4","key":"r33","series-title":"Int J Obes","first-page":"207","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism of age-related changes in whole-body fat distribution in the obese","volume":"18","author":"Kotani K","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kotani K, Tokunaga K, Fujioka S. et\u00a0al. Sexual dimorphism of age-related changes in whole-body fat distribution in the obese. Int J Obes. 1994:18(4):207\u2013202."},{"issue":"9","key":"r34","series-title":"Nat Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0996-949b","article-title":"Gender differences in plasma leptin concetrations","volume":"2","author":"Havel PJ","year":"1996","unstructured":"Havel PJ, Kasim-Karakas S, Dubuc GR, et\u00a0al. Gender differences in plasma leptin concetrations. Nat Med. 1996;2(9):949\u2013950. PubMed ID: 8782440 doi:10.1038\/nm0996-949b"},{"issue":"4","key":"r35","series-title":"Diabetes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1054","article-title":"Sex and depot differences in adipocyte insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism","volume":"58","author":"Macotela Y","year":"2009","unstructured":"Macotela Y, Boucher J, Tran TT, et\u00a0al. Sex and depot differences in adipocyte insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Diabetes. 2009;58(4):803\u2013812. PubMed ID: 19136652 doi:10.2337\/db08-1054"},{"key":"r36","series-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2022.102689","article-title":"Sex differences in motor unit behavious: a review","volume":"66","author":"Lulic-Kuryllo T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lulic-Kuryllo T, Inglis JG. Sex differences in motor unit behavious: a review. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2022;66:102689. doi:10.1016\/j.jelekin.2022.102689"},{"issue":"4","key":"r37","series-title":"J Mech Med Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219519410003599","article-title":"Comparison of the activities of the deep trunk muscles measured using intramuscular and surface electromyography","volume":"10","author":"Okubo Y","year":"2010","unstructured":"Okubo Y, Kaneoka K, Imai A, et\u00a0al. Comparison of the activities of the deep trunk muscles measured using intramuscular and surface electromyography. J Mech Med Biol. 2010;10(4):611\u2013620. doi:10.1142\/S0219519410003599"},{"issue":"1","key":"r38","series-title":"Phys Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/61.1.7","article-title":"Surface versus intramuscular electrodes for electromyography of superficial and deep muscles","volume":"61","author":"Perry J","year":"1981","unstructured":"Perry J, Easterday CS, Antonelli DJ. Surface versus intramuscular electrodes for electromyography of superficial and deep muscles. Phys Ther. 1981;61(1):7\u201315. PubMed ID: 7454803 doi:10.1093\/ptj\/61.1.7"},{"key":"r39","series-title":"Sex Differences in Physiology","first-page":"145","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in body compostion, lipid metabolicm, and glucose regulation","author":"Ethun K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ethun K. Sex and gender differences in body compostion, lipid metabolicm, and glucose regulation. In: Neigh GN, Mitzfelt MM, eds. Sex Differences in Physiology. Elsevier Academic Press; 2016:145\u2013165."},{"issue":"20","key":"r40","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1319","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003624","article-title":"Intramuscular EMG versus surface EMG of lumbar multifidus and erector spinae in healthy participants","volume":"45","author":"Hofste A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hofste A, Soer R, Salomons E, et\u00a0al. Intramuscular EMG versus surface EMG of lumbar multifidus and erector spinae in healthy participants. Spine. 2020;45(20):E1319\u2013E1325. PubMed ID: 32796458 doi:10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003624"},{"issue":"2","key":"r41","series-title":"Behav Res Meth","first-page":"175","article-title":"G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul F","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, et\u00a0al. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Meth. 2007;39(2):175\u2013191."},{"key":"r42","series-title":"Anatomical Guide for the Electromyographer: The Limbs and Trunk","author":"Perotto AO","year":"2011","unstructured":"Perotto AO. Anatomical Guide for the Electromyographer: The Limbs and Trunk. Charles C Thomas Publisher; 2011."},{"key":"r43","series-title":"Anatomic Localization for Needle Electromyography","author":"Geiringer SR","year":"1999","unstructured":"Geiringer SR. Anatomic Localization for Needle Electromyography. Hanley & Belfus; 1999."},{"key":"r44","series-title":"Atlas of Nerve Conduction Studies and Electromyography","author":"Leis AA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leis AA, Schenk MP. Atlas of Nerve Conduction Studies and Electromyography. Oxford University Press; 2013."},{"issue":"2","key":"r45","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21470","article-title":"High\u2010pass filtering surface EMG in an attempt to better represent the signals detected at the intramuscular level","volume":"41","author":"Brown SH","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brown SH, Brookham RL, Dickerson CR. High\u2010pass filtering surface EMG in an attempt to better represent the signals detected at the intramuscular level. Muscle Nerve. 2010;41(2):234\u2013239. PubMed ID: 19722252 doi:10.1002\/mus.21470"},{"key":"r46","series-title":"Daniels and Worthingham\u2019s Muscle Testing-E-Book: Techniques of Manual Examination and Performance Testing","author":"Hislop H","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hislop H, Avers D, Brown M. Daniels and Worthingham\u2019s Muscle Testing-E-Book: Techniques of Manual Examination and Performance Testing. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013."},{"issue":"1","key":"r47","series-title":"Int Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/23335432.2017.1308835","article-title":"Optimized maximum voluntary exertion protocol for normalizing shoulder muscle activity","volume":"4","author":"McDonald AC","year":"2017","unstructured":"McDonald AC, Sonne MW, Keir PJ. Optimized maximum voluntary exertion protocol for normalizing shoulder muscle activity. Int Biomech. 2017;4(1):9\u201316. doi:10.1080\/23335432.2017.1308835"},{"issue":"7","key":"r48","series-title":"Nat Methods","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, ... Cardona A. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods. 2012;9(7):676\u2013682. doi:10.1038\/nmeth.2019"},{"key":"r49","series-title":"Clin Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2020.105165","article-title":"Evaluating the relationship between quadriceps muscle quality captured using ultrasound with clinical severity in women with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"80","author":"Chopp-Hurley JN","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chopp-Hurley JN, Wiebenga EG, Bulbrook BD, et\u00a0al. Evaluating the relationship between quadriceps muscle quality captured using ultrasound with clinical severity in women with knee osteoarthritis. Clin Biomech. 2020;80:105165. doi:10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2020.105165"},{"issue":"2","key":"r50","series-title":"J Chiropr Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo TK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo TK, Li MY. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15(2):155\u2013163. PubMed ID: 27330520 doi:10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012"},{"issue":"2","key":"r51","series-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2005.07.003","article-title":"Elimination of electrocardiogram contamination from electromyogram signals: an evaluation of currently used removal techniques","volume":"16","author":"Drake JD","year":"2006","unstructured":"Drake JD, Callaghan JP. Elimination of electrocardiogram contamination from electromyogram signals: an evaluation of currently used removal techniques. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2006;16(2):175\u2013187. PubMed ID: 16139521 doi:10.1016\/j.jelekin.2005.07.003"},{"issue":"2","key":"r52","series-title":"J Neurosci Methods","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2011.03.014","article-title":"Validity of surface electromyography for vastus intermedius muscle assessed by needle electromyography","volume":"198","author":"Watanabe K","year":"2011","unstructured":"Watanabe K, Akima H. Validity of surface electromyography for vastus intermedius muscle assessed by needle electromyography. J Neurosci Methods. 2011;198(2):332\u2013335. PubMed ID: 21463655 doi:10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2011.03.014"},{"key":"r53","article-title":"Adult BMI categories","year":"2024","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Adult BMI categories. 2024. Accessed April 16, 2024. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/bmi\/adult-calculator\/bmi-categories.html"},{"key":"r54","article-title":"Canadian guidelines for body weight classification in adults","year":"2023","unstructured":"Health Canada. Canadian guidelines for body weight classification in adults. 2023. Accessed April 16, 2024. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/content\/dam\/hc-sc\/migration\/hc-sc\/fn-an\/alt_formats\/hpfb-dgpsa\/pdf\/nutrition\/cg_quick_ref-ldc_rapide_ref-eng.pdf"},{"key":"r55","series-title":"Front Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.614415","article-title":"Intramuscular fat influences neuromuscular activation of the gluteus medius in older adults","volume":"11","author":"Lanza MB","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lanza MB, Ryan AS, Gray V, et\u00a0al. Intramuscular fat influences neuromuscular activation of the gluteus medius in older adults. Front Physiol. 2020;11:614415. doi:10.3389\/fphys.2020.614415"},{"issue":"5","key":"r56","series-title":"J Appl Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.29.5.535","article-title":"Functional and morphological adaptations to aging in knee extensor muscles of physically active men","volume":"29","author":"Baroni BM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baroni BM, Geremia JM, Rodrigues R, et\u00a0al. Functional and morphological adaptations to aging in knee extensor muscles of physically active men. J Appl Biomech. 2013;29(5):535\u2013542. PubMed ID: 23182830 doi:10.1123\/jab.29.5.535"},{"issue":"3","key":"r57","series-title":"Turk J Emerg Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.08.001","article-title":"User\u2019s guides to correlation coefficients","volume":"18","author":"Akoglu H","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akoglu H. User\u2019s guides to correlation coefficients. Turk J Emerg Med. 2018;18(3):91\u201393. PubMed ID: 30191186 doi:10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.08.001"},{"issue":"1","key":"r58","series-title":"Physiother Can","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3138\/ptc-2021-0016","article-title":"Muscle architecture and subcutaneous fat measurements of rectus femoris and vastus lateralis at optimal length aided by a novel ultrasound transducer attachment","volume":"75","author":"Bulbrook BD","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bulbrook BD, Chopp-Hurley JN, Wiebenga EG, et\u00a0al. Muscle architecture and subcutaneous fat measurements of rectus femoris and vastus lateralis at optimal length aided by a novel ultrasound transducer attachment. Physiother Can. 2023;75(1):74\u201382. PubMed ID: 37250739 doi:10.3138\/ptc-2021-0016"},{"issue":"10","key":"r59","series-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.05.014","article-title":"Quantity and quality of the lower extremity muscles in women with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"41","author":"Taniguchi M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Taniguchi M, Fukumoto Y, Kobayashi M, et\u00a0al. Quantity and quality of the lower extremity muscles in women with knee osteoarthritis. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2015;41(10):2567\u20132574. doi:10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.05.014"},{"key":"r60","series-title":"Physical Principles of Medical Imaging","author":"Sprawls P","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sprawls P. Physical Principles of Medical Imaging. Aspen Publishers; 1987."},{"issue":"1","key":"r61","series-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1985.10608435","article-title":"The use of b-mode ultrasound for measuring subcutaneous fat thickness on the upper arms","volume":"56","author":"Weiss LW","year":"1985","unstructured":"Weiss LW, Clark FC. The use of b-mode ultrasound for measuring subcutaneous fat thickness on the upper arms. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1985;56(1):77\u201381. doi:10.1080\/02701367.1985.10608435"},{"key":"r62","series-title":"Hum Biol","first-page":"375","article-title":"Ultrasonic reflections used for measuring subcutaneous fat in humans","volume":"37","author":"Bullen BA","year":"1965","unstructured":"Bullen BA, Quaade F, Olesen E, et\u00a0al. Ultrasonic reflections used for measuring subcutaneous fat in humans. Hum Biol. 1965;37:375\u2013384. PubMed ID: 5861120"},{"key":"r63","series-title":"J Obes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/280713","article-title":"Ultrasound as a tool to assess body fat","volume":"2013","author":"Wagner DR","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wagner DR. Ultrasound as a tool to assess body fat. J Obes. 2013;2013:280713. doi:10.1155\/2013\/280713"},{"issue":"4","key":"r64","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00698.2002","article-title":"A simulation study to examine the use of cross-correlation as an estimate of surface EMG cross talk","volume":"94","author":"Lowery MM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lowery MM, Stoykov NS, Kuiken TA. A simulation study to examine the use of cross-correlation as an estimate of surface EMG cross talk. J Appl Physiol. 2003;94(4):1324\u20131334. PubMed ID: 12471047 doi:10.1152\/japplphysiol.00698.2002"},{"key":"r65","series-title":"Med Eng Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2020.09.011","article-title":"Inverse modelling to reduce crosstalk in high density surface electromyogram","volume":"85","author":"Mesin L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mesin L. Inverse modelling to reduce crosstalk in high density surface electromyogram. Med Eng Phys. 2020;85:55\u201362. PubMed ID: 33081964 doi:10.1016\/j.medengphy.2020.09.011"},{"issue":"1","key":"r66","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-3994-9","article-title":"A review on crosstalk in myographic signals","volume":"119","author":"Talib I","year":"2019","unstructured":"Talib I, Sundaraj K, Lam CK, et\u00a0al. A review on crosstalk in myographic signals. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2019;119(1):9\u201328. PubMed ID: 30242464 doi:10.1007\/s00421-018-3994-9"},{"issue":"8","key":"r67","series-title":"Clin Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00341-2","article-title":"Pitfalls of intramuscular electromyographic recordings from the human costal diaphragm","volume":"111","author":"Hodges P","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hodges P, Gandevia S. Pitfalls of intramuscular electromyographic recordings from the human costal diaphragm. Clin Neurophysiol. 2000;111(8):1420\u20131424. PubMed ID: 10904223 doi:10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00341-2"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Biomechanics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jab\/41\/1\/article-p47.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jab\/41\/1\/article-p47.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jab\/41\/1\/article-p47.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T18:42:32Z","timestamp":1737484952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jab\/41\/1\/article-p47.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jab.2024-0101","relation":{},"ISSN":["1065-8483","1543-2688"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1065-8483","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-2688","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}}}