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Therefore, if RE is to be maximized according to individual characteristics, an individualized approach to footwear selection is required. However, current theoretical frameworks hinder this approach. Here, we introduce a framework that describes causal relationships between footwear properties, biomechanics, and RE. The framework proposes that RE changes with footwear due to (1) a direct effect of footwear properties\u2014for example, increased or decreased energy return\u2014and (2) a mediating effect of footwear on ankle and foot biomechanics and the spring-mass system. By describing the total effect as 2 complementary pathways, the framework facilitates research that aims to separately quantify direct and mediating effects of footwear. This may permit the development of footwear materials that can separately target the direct and individual mediating effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2024-0109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T16:01:23Z","timestamp":1733932883000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Individualization of Footwear for Optimizing Running Economy: A Theoretical Framework"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1153-4994","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark J.","family":"Connick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7366-3348","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Glen A.","family":"Lichtwark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"Sports Med Open","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-015-0007-y","article-title":"Running economy: measurement, norms, and determining factors","volume":"1","author":"Barnes KR","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barnes KR, Kilding AE. 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