{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T15:50:11Z","timestamp":1782402611786,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Evaluation of trunk stability is common during return-to-activity assessments. While the use of motion capture for assessment of movement quality is also becoming more popular, it is critical that the trunk is modeled similarly across participants. The purpose of this study was to determine how adjusting marker placement at the sternum, cervical, and thorax locations for purposes of defining the trunk segment influences trunk kinematics. Sagittal plane trunk angles of 18 participants were computed for a comprehensive set of trunk model variations during standing, gait, and a drop vertical jump. Comparisons included variations from a single marker set altered at the sternum, cervical, and thorax locations. Intraclass correlation coefficients were computed per trunk marker combination to determine agreement with the recommended marker set. Agreement ranged from poor to excellent across all 3 tasks with the worst agreement observed during gait and across the sternum marker variations. Alternatively, few discrepancies were observed between the 2 cervical marker locations or during the drop vertical jump task. Consistent and reliable modeling of the trunk is critical for return-to-activity evaluation. The recommended model for defining the trunk segment includes marker placements on the jugular notch, xiphoid process, and first and 10th thoracic spinous processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2025-0034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T06:47:19Z","timestamp":1754981239000},"page":"485-492","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Model Comparison for Defining the Trunk for Dynamic Testing in a Motion Capture Lab"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6262-2054","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sophia","family":"Ulman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Science Lab, Scottish Rite for Children, Frisco, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8008-9495","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alex M.","family":"Loewen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Science Lab, Scottish Rite for Children, Frisco, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley L.","family":"Erdman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Science Lab, Scottish Rite for Children, Frisco, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"\u00d5unpuu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Connecticut Children\u2019s Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Chafetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shriners Hospitals for Children\u2014Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Tulchin-Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tishya A.L.","family":"Wren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"r1","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507301585","article-title":"Deficits in neuromuscular control of the trunk predict knee injury risk: prospective biomechanical-epidemiologic study","volume":"35","author":"Zazulak BT","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zazulak BT, Hewett TE, Reeves NP, Goldberg B, Cholewicki J. Deficits in neuromuscular control of the trunk predict knee injury risk: prospective biomechanical-epidemiologic study. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35(7):1123\u20131130. doi:10.1177\/0363546507301585"},{"issue":"1","key":"r2","series-title":"Sports Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2021.1877337","article-title":"Trunk motion and anterior cruciate ligament injuries: a narrative review of injury videos and controlled jump-landing and cutting tasks","volume":"22","author":"Song Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Song Y, Li L, Hughes G, Dai B. Trunk motion and anterior cruciate ligament injuries: a narrative review of injury videos and controlled jump-landing and cutting tasks. Sports Biomech. 2023;22(1):46\u201364. doi:10.1080\/14763141.2021.1877337"},{"issue":"7","key":"r3","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01637-0","article-title":"The effects of trunk muscle training on physical fitness and sport-specific performance in young and adult athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Saeterbakken AH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saeterbakken AH, Stien N, Andersen V, et\u00a0al. The effects of trunk muscle training on physical fitness and sport-specific performance in young and adult athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2022;52(7):1599\u20131622. doi:10.1007\/s40279-021-01637-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"r4","series-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.21419","article-title":"Reliability of the cutting alignment scoring tool (CAST) to assess trunk and limb alignment during a 45-degree side-step cut","volume":"16","author":"Butler LS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Butler LS, Milian EK, DeVerna A, et\u00a0al. Reliability of the cutting alignment scoring tool (CAST) to assess trunk and limb alignment during a 45-degree side-step cut. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2021;16(2):312\u2013321. doi:10.26603\/001c.21419"},{"issue":"4","key":"r5","series-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e3182297439","article-title":"The mechanistic connection between the trunk, knee, and anterior cruciate ligament injury","volume":"39","author":"Hewett TE","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hewett TE, Myer GD. The mechanistic connection between the trunk, knee, and anterior cruciate ligament injury. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2011;39(4):161\u2013166. doi:10.1097\/JES.0b013e3182297439"},{"issue":"2","key":"r6","series-title":"Res Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2014.881821","article-title":"A review of recent perspectives on biomechanical risk factors associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury","volume":"22","author":"Hughes G","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hughes G. A review of recent perspectives on biomechanical risk factors associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury. Res Sports Med. 2014;22(2):193\u2013212. doi:10.1080\/15438627.2014.881821"},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01448-3","article-title":"Biomechanical determinants of performance and injury risk during cutting: a performance-injury conflict?","volume":"51","author":"Dos\u2019 Santos T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dos\u2019 Santos T, Thomas C, McBurnie A, Comfort P, Jones PA. Biomechanical determinants of performance and injury risk during cutting: a performance-injury conflict? Sports Med. 2021;51:1983\u20131998. doi:10.1007\/s40279-021-01448-3"},{"issue":"11","key":"r8","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515602016","article-title":"Young athletes with quadriceps femoris strength asymmetry at return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction demonstrate asymmetric single-leg drop-landing mechanics","volume":"43","author":"Ithurburn MP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ithurburn MP, Paterno MV, Ford KR, Hewett TE, Schmitt LC. Young athletes with quadriceps femoris strength asymmetry at return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction demonstrate asymmetric single-leg drop-landing mechanics. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(11):2727\u20132737. doi:10.1177\/0363546515602016"},{"issue":"3","key":"r9","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182752ae3","article-title":"Altered landing mechanics in ACL-reconstructed patients","volume":"45","author":"Oberl\u00e4nder KD","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oberl\u00e4nder KD, Br\u00fcggemann GP, Hoeher J, Karamanidis K. Altered landing mechanics in ACL-reconstructed patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(3):506\u2013513. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182752ae3"},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.059162","article-title":"Video analysis of trunk and knee motion during non-contact ACL injury in female athletes: lateral trunk and knee abduction motion are combined components of the injury mechanism","volume":"46","author":"Hewett TE","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hewett TE, Torg JS, Boden BP. Video analysis of trunk and knee motion during non-contact ACL injury in female athletes: lateral trunk and knee abduction motion are combined components of the injury mechanism. Br J Sports Med. 2009;46:417\u2013422. doi:10.1136\/bjsm.2009.059162"},{"key":"r11","series-title":"SLACK Incorporated","author":"Boden BP","year":"2000","unstructured":"Boden BP, Dean GS, Feagin JA, Garrett WE. SLACK Incorporated. Thorofare; 2000."},{"issue":"6","key":"r12","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.018572","article-title":"A review of electromyographic activation levels, timing differences, and increased anterior cruciate ligament injury incidence in female athletes","volume":"39","author":"Hewett T","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hewett T, Zazulak B, Myer G, Ford K. A review of electromyographic activation levels, timing differences, and increased anterior cruciate ligament injury incidence in female athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(6):347\u2013350. doi:10.1136\/bjsm.2005.018572"},{"issue":"4","key":"r13","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504269591","article-title":"Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: a prospective study","volume":"33","author":"Hewett TE","year":"2005;","unstructured":"Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR, et\u00a0al. Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(4);492\u2013501. doi:10.1177\/0363546504269591"},{"issue":"11","key":"r14","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2676","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513496625","article-title":"Trunk and hip biomechanics influence anterior cruciate loading mechanisms in physically active participants","volume":"41","author":"Frank, B","year":"2013","unstructured":"Frank, B, Bell DR, Norcross MF, Blackburn JT, Goerger BM, Padua DA. Trunk and hip biomechanics influence anterior cruciate loading mechanisms in physically active participants. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(11):2676\u20132683. doi:10.1177\/0363546513496625"},{"issue":"10","key":"r15","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000089346.85744.D9","article-title":"Valgus knee motion during landing in high school female and male basketball players","volume":"35","author":"Ford KR","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ford KR, Myer GD, Hewett TE. Valgus knee motion during landing in high school female and male basketball players. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(10):1745\u20131750. doi:10.1249\/01.MSS.0000089346.85744.D9"},{"key":"r16","series-title":"Trans Orthop Res Soc","article-title":"Gait retraining to reduce medial compartment load at the knee assessed using a markerless motion capture","volume":"52","author":"M\u00fcndermann L","year":"2006","unstructured":"M\u00fcndermann L, Corazza S, Muendermann A, et\u00a0al. Gait retraining to reduce medial compartment load at the knee assessed using a markerless motion capture. Trans Orthop Res Soc. 2006;52:170."},{"issue":"3","key":"r17","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.04.006","article-title":"Gender differences in trunk, pelvis and lower limb kinematics during a single leg squat","volume":"36","author":"Graci V","year":"2012","unstructured":"Graci V, Van Dillen LR, Salsich GB. Gender differences in trunk, pelvis and lower limb kinematics during a single leg squat. Gait Posture. 2012;36(3):461\u2013466. doi:10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.04.006"},{"issue":"11","key":"r18","series-title":"PM&R","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2015.05.004","article-title":"Relationship between the kinematics of the trunk and lower extremity and performance on the Y-balance test","volume":"7","author":"Kang MH","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kang MH, Kim GM, Kwon OY, Weon JH, Oh JS, An DH. Relationship between the kinematics of the trunk and lower extremity and performance on the Y-balance test. PM&R. 2015;7(11):1152\u20131158. doi:10.1016\/j.pmrj.2015.05.004"},{"issue":"5","key":"r19","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.05.042","article-title":"ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion\u2014Part II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand","volume":"38","author":"Wu, G","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wu, G, van der Helm FC, Veeger HE, et\u00a0al. ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion\u2014Part II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand. J Biomech. 2005;38(5), 981\u2013992. doi:10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.05.042"},{"key":"r20","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.06.003","article-title":"Movement variability in pre-teen and teenage athletes performing sports related tasks","volume":"80","author":"Wren TA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wren TA, O'Callahan B, Katzel MJ, et\u00a0al. Movement variability in pre-teen and teenage athletes performing sports related tasks. Gait Posture. 2020;80:228\u2013233. doi:10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.06.003"},{"issue":"5","key":"r21","series-title":"Hum Mov Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(91)90046-Z","article-title":"A gait analysis data collection and reduction technique","volume":"10","author":"Davis RBIII","year":"1991","unstructured":"Davis RBIII, Ounpuu S, Tyburski D, Gage JR. A gait analysis data collection and reduction technique. Hum Mov Sci. 1991;10(5), 575\u2013587. doi:10.1016\/0167-9457(91)90046-Z"},{"issue":"9","key":"r22","series-title":"Symmetry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13091595","article-title":"Increased asymmetry of trunk, pelvis, and hip motion during gait in ambulatory children with spina bifida","volume":"13","author":"Bent MA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bent MA, Ciccodicola EM, Rethlefsen SA, Wren TA. Increased asymmetry of trunk, pelvis, and hip motion during gait in ambulatory children with spina bifida. Symmetry. 2021;13(9):1595. doi:10.3390\/sym13091595"},{"issue":"7","key":"r23","series-title":"Clin Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.05.005","article-title":"Quantitative comparison of current models for trunk motion in human movement analysis","volume":"24","author":"Leardini A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leardini A, Biagi F, Belvedere C, Benedetti MG. Quantitative comparison of current models for trunk motion in human movement analysis. Clin Biomech. 2009;24(7):542\u2013550. doi:10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.05.005"},{"issue":"4","key":"r24","series-title":"J Biomech Eng","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4049160","article-title":"A thorax marker set model to analyse the kinematics of walking without the need to place markers on the back","volume":"143","author":"Orantes-Gonzalez E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Orantes-Gonzalez E, Heredia-Jimenez J, Chohan A, Richards JD. A thorax marker set model to analyse the kinematics of walking without the need to place markers on the back. J Biomech Eng. 2021;143(4):44503. doi:10.1115\/1.4049160"},{"key":"r25","series-title":"Front Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01101","article-title":"The maximum Lyapunov exponent during walking and running: reliability assessment of different marker-sets","volume":"10","author":"Ekizos A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ekizos A, Santuz A, Schroll A, Arampatzis A. The maximum Lyapunov exponent during walking and running: reliability assessment of different marker-sets. Front Physiol. 2018;10;1101. doi:10.3389\/fphys.2018.01101"},{"issue":"3","key":"r26","series-title":"Res Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2015.1040915","article-title":"Influence of gender on trunk and lower limb biomechanics during lateral movements","volume":"23","author":"Weltin E","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weltin E, Mornieux G, Gollhofer A. Influence of gender on trunk and lower limb biomechanics during lateral movements. Res Sports Med. 2015;23(3):265\u2013277. doi:10.1080\/15438627.2015.1040915"},{"issue":"2","key":"r27","series-title":"Eur J Sport Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2014.992478","article-title":"Effect of gender on trunk and pelvis control during lateral movements with perturbed landing","volume":"16","author":"Weltin E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weltin E, Gollhofer A, Mornieux G. Effect of gender on trunk and pelvis control during lateral movements with perturbed landing. Eur J Sport Sci. 2016;16(2):182\u2013189. doi:10.1080\/17461391.2014.992478"},{"key":"r28","series-title":"Pediatr Res Sports Med Soc","article-title":"PRiSM motion analysis research interest group\u2019s sports protocol: knee emphasis, standard operating procedures","volume":"10","author":"Ulman, S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ulman, S, Chafetz R, Wren T, Loewen A. PRiSM motion analysis research interest group\u2019s sports protocol: knee emphasis, standard operating procedures. Pediatr Res Sports Med Soc. 2022;10:28."},{"issue":"2","key":"r29","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-6362(95)93466-P","article-title":"Comparison of 3-dimensional lower extremity kinematics during walking gait using two different marker sets","volume":"3","author":"Castagno P","year":"1995","unstructured":"Castagno P, Richards J, Miller F, Lennon N. Comparison of 3-dimensional lower extremity kinematics during walking gait using two different marker sets. Gait Posture. 1995;3(2):87. doi:10.1016\/0966-6362(95)93466-P"},{"issue":"6","key":"r30","series-title":"J Athl Train","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-50.1.10","article-title":"The landing error scoring system as a screening tool for an anterior cruciate ligament injury\u2013prevention program in elite-youth soccer athletes","volume":"50","author":"Padua DA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Padua DA, DiStefano LJ, Beutler AI, et\u00a0al. The landing error scoring system as a screening tool for an anterior cruciate ligament injury\u2013prevention program in elite-youth soccer athletes. J Athl Train. 2015;50(6):589\u2013595. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-50.1.10"},{"issue":"2","key":"r31","series-title":"Adv Eng Soft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-1195(86)90098-7","article-title":"A Fortran package for generalized, cross-validatory spline smoothing and differentiation","volume":"8","author":"Woltring HJ","year":"1986","unstructured":"Woltring HJ. A Fortran package for generalized, cross-validatory spline smoothing and differentiation. Adv Eng Soft. 1986;8(2), 104\u2013113. doi:10.1016\/0141-1195(86)90098-7"},{"key":"r32","series-title":"Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice","author":"Portney LG","year":"2009","unstructured":"Portney LG, Watkins MP. Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice. Vol. 892. Pearson\/Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River; 2009."},{"issue":"9","key":"r33","series-title":"Clin Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.08.004","article-title":"Sex differences in trunk, pelvis, hip and knee kinematics and eccentric hip torque in adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Silva RS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Silva RS, Serr\u00e3o FV. Sex differences in trunk, pelvis, hip and knee kinematics and eccentric hip torque in adolescents. Clin Biomech. 2014;29(9);1063\u20131069. doi:10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.08.004"},{"key":"r34","series-title":"Sports Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2020.1839124","article-title":"Sex differences in lower extremity kinematics during overhead and single leg squat tests","volume":"23","author":"Lisman P","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lisman P, Wilder JN, Berenbach J, Foster JJ, Hansberger BL. Sex differences in lower extremity kinematics during overhead and single leg squat tests. Sports Biomech. 2021;23:273\u2013286. doi:10.1080\/14763141.2020.1839124"},{"issue":"6","key":"r35","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000218","article-title":"Effects of an obesity-specific marker set on estimated muscle and joint forces in walking","volume":"46","author":"Lerner ZF","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lerner ZF, Board WJ, Browning RC. Effects of an obesity-specific marker set on estimated muscle and joint forces in walking. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46(6):1261\u20131267. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000218"},{"key":"r36","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.06.165","article-title":"Motion analysis evaluation of adolescent athletes during dual-task walking following a concussion: a multicenter study","volume":"64","author":"Solomito MJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Solomito MJ, Kostyun RO, Wu YH, et\u00a0al. Motion analysis evaluation of adolescent athletes during dual-task walking following a concussion: a multicenter study. Gait Posture. 2018;64:260\u2013265. doi:10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.06.165"},{"issue":"7","key":"r1","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507301585","article-title":"Deficits in neuromuscular control of the trunk predict knee injury risk: prospective biomechanical-epidemiologic study","volume":"35","author":"Zazulak BT","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zazulak BT, Hewett TE, Reeves NP, Goldberg B, Cholewicki J. Deficits in neuromuscular control of the trunk predict knee injury risk: prospective biomechanical-epidemiologic study. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35(7):1123\u20131130. doi:10.1177\/0363546507301585"},{"issue":"1","key":"r2","series-title":"Sports Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2021.1877337","article-title":"Trunk motion and anterior cruciate ligament injuries: a narrative review of injury videos and controlled jump-landing and cutting tasks","volume":"22","author":"Song Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Song Y, Li L, Hughes G, Dai B. Trunk motion and anterior cruciate ligament injuries: a narrative review of injury videos and controlled jump-landing and cutting tasks. Sports Biomech. 2023;22(1):46\u201364. doi:10.1080\/14763141.2021.1877337"},{"issue":"7","key":"r3","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01637-0","article-title":"The effects of trunk muscle training on physical fitness and sport-specific performance in young and adult athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Saeterbakken AH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saeterbakken AH, Stien N, Andersen V, et\u00a0al. The effects of trunk muscle training on physical fitness and sport-specific performance in young and adult athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2022;52(7):1599\u20131622. doi:10.1007\/s40279-021-01637-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"r4","series-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.21419","article-title":"Reliability of the cutting alignment scoring tool (CAST) to assess trunk and limb alignment during a 45-degree side-step cut","volume":"16","author":"Butler LS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Butler LS, Milian EK, DeVerna A, et\u00a0al. Reliability of the cutting alignment scoring tool (CAST) to assess trunk and limb alignment during a 45-degree side-step cut. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2021;16(2):312\u2013321. doi:10.26603\/001c.21419"},{"issue":"4","key":"r5","series-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e3182297439","article-title":"The mechanistic connection between the trunk, knee, and anterior cruciate ligament injury","volume":"39","author":"Hewett TE","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hewett TE, Myer GD. The mechanistic connection between the trunk, knee, and anterior cruciate ligament injury. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2011;39(4):161\u2013166. doi:10.1097\/JES.0b013e3182297439"},{"issue":"2","key":"r6","series-title":"Res Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2014.881821","article-title":"A review of recent perspectives on biomechanical risk factors associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury","volume":"22","author":"Hughes G","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hughes G. A review of recent perspectives on biomechanical risk factors associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury. Res Sports Med. 2014;22(2):193\u2013212. doi:10.1080\/15438627.2014.881821"},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01448-3","article-title":"Biomechanical determinants of performance and injury risk during cutting: a performance-injury conflict?","volume":"51","author":"Dos\u2019 Santos T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dos\u2019 Santos T, Thomas C, McBurnie A, Comfort P, Jones PA. Biomechanical determinants of performance and injury risk during cutting: a performance-injury conflict? Sports Med. 2021;51:1983\u20131998. doi:10.1007\/s40279-021-01448-3"},{"issue":"11","key":"r8","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515602016","article-title":"Young athletes with quadriceps femoris strength asymmetry at return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction demonstrate asymmetric single-leg drop-landing mechanics","volume":"43","author":"Ithurburn MP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ithurburn MP, Paterno MV, Ford KR, Hewett TE, Schmitt LC. Young athletes with quadriceps femoris strength asymmetry at return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction demonstrate asymmetric single-leg drop-landing mechanics. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(11):2727\u20132737. doi:10.1177\/0363546515602016"},{"issue":"3","key":"r9","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182752ae3","article-title":"Altered landing mechanics in ACL-reconstructed patients","volume":"45","author":"Oberl\u00e4nder KD","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oberl\u00e4nder KD, Br\u00fcggemann GP, Hoeher J, Karamanidis K. Altered landing mechanics in ACL-reconstructed patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(3):506\u2013513. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182752ae3"},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.059162","article-title":"Video analysis of trunk and knee motion during non-contact ACL injury in female athletes: lateral trunk and knee abduction motion are combined components of the injury mechanism","volume":"46","author":"Hewett TE","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hewett TE, Torg JS, Boden BP. Video analysis of trunk and knee motion during non-contact ACL injury in female athletes: lateral trunk and knee abduction motion are combined components of the injury mechanism. Br J Sports Med. 2009;46:417\u2013422. doi:10.1136\/bjsm.2009.059162"},{"key":"r11","series-title":"SLACK Incorporated","author":"Boden BP","year":"2000","unstructured":"Boden BP, Dean GS, Feagin JA, Garrett WE. SLACK Incorporated. Thorofare; 2000."},{"issue":"6","key":"r12","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.018572","article-title":"A review of electromyographic activation levels, timing differences, and increased anterior cruciate ligament injury incidence in female athletes","volume":"39","author":"Hewett T","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hewett T, Zazulak B, Myer G, Ford K. A review of electromyographic activation levels, timing differences, and increased anterior cruciate ligament injury incidence in female athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(6):347\u2013350. doi:10.1136\/bjsm.2005.018572"},{"issue":"4","key":"r13","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504269591","article-title":"Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: a prospective study","volume":"33","author":"Hewett TE","year":"2005;","unstructured":"Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR, et\u00a0al. Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(4);492\u2013501. doi:10.1177\/0363546504269591"},{"issue":"11","key":"r14","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2676","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513496625","article-title":"Trunk and hip biomechanics influence anterior cruciate loading mechanisms in physically active participants","volume":"41","author":"Frank, B","year":"2013","unstructured":"Frank, B, Bell DR, Norcross MF, Blackburn JT, Goerger BM, Padua DA. Trunk and hip biomechanics influence anterior cruciate loading mechanisms in physically active participants. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(11):2676\u20132683. doi:10.1177\/0363546513496625"},{"issue":"10","key":"r15","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000089346.85744.D9","article-title":"Valgus knee motion during landing in high school female and male basketball players","volume":"35","author":"Ford KR","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ford KR, Myer GD, Hewett TE. Valgus knee motion during landing in high school female and male basketball players. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(10):1745\u20131750. doi:10.1249\/01.MSS.0000089346.85744.D9"},{"key":"r16","series-title":"Trans Orthop Res Soc","article-title":"Gait retraining to reduce medial compartment load at the knee assessed using a markerless motion capture","volume":"52","author":"M\u00fcndermann L","year":"2006","unstructured":"M\u00fcndermann L, Corazza S, Muendermann A, et\u00a0al. Gait retraining to reduce medial compartment load at the knee assessed using a markerless motion capture. Trans Orthop Res Soc. 2006;52:170."},{"issue":"3","key":"r17","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.04.006","article-title":"Gender differences in trunk, pelvis and lower limb kinematics during a single leg squat","volume":"36","author":"Graci V","year":"2012","unstructured":"Graci V, Van Dillen LR, Salsich GB. Gender differences in trunk, pelvis and lower limb kinematics during a single leg squat. Gait Posture. 2012;36(3):461\u2013466. doi:10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.04.006"},{"issue":"11","key":"r18","series-title":"PM&R","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2015.05.004","article-title":"Relationship between the kinematics of the trunk and lower extremity and performance on the Y-balance test","volume":"7","author":"Kang MH","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kang MH, Kim GM, Kwon OY, Weon JH, Oh JS, An DH. Relationship between the kinematics of the trunk and lower extremity and performance on the Y-balance test. PM&R. 2015;7(11):1152\u20131158. doi:10.1016\/j.pmrj.2015.05.004"},{"issue":"5","key":"r19","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.05.042","article-title":"ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion\u2014Part II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand","volume":"38","author":"Wu, G","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wu, G, van der Helm FC, Veeger HE, et\u00a0al. ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion\u2014Part II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand. J Biomech. 2005;38(5), 981\u2013992. doi:10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.05.042"},{"key":"r20","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.06.003","article-title":"Movement variability in pre-teen and teenage athletes performing sports related tasks","volume":"80","author":"Wren TA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wren TA, O'Callahan B, Katzel MJ, et\u00a0al. Movement variability in pre-teen and teenage athletes performing sports related tasks. Gait Posture. 2020;80:228\u2013233. doi:10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.06.003"},{"issue":"5","key":"r21","series-title":"Hum Mov Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(91)90046-Z","article-title":"A gait analysis data collection and reduction technique","volume":"10","author":"Davis RBIII","year":"1991","unstructured":"Davis RBIII, Ounpuu S, Tyburski D, Gage JR. A gait analysis data collection and reduction technique. Hum Mov Sci. 1991;10(5), 575\u2013587. doi:10.1016\/0167-9457(91)90046-Z"},{"issue":"9","key":"r22","series-title":"Symmetry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13091595","article-title":"Increased asymmetry of trunk, pelvis, and hip motion during gait in ambulatory children with spina bifida","volume":"13","author":"Bent MA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bent MA, Ciccodicola EM, Rethlefsen SA, Wren TA. Increased asymmetry of trunk, pelvis, and hip motion during gait in ambulatory children with spina bifida. Symmetry. 2021;13(9):1595. doi:10.3390\/sym13091595"},{"issue":"7","key":"r23","series-title":"Clin Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.05.005","article-title":"Quantitative comparison of current models for trunk motion in human movement analysis","volume":"24","author":"Leardini A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leardini A, Biagi F, Belvedere C, Benedetti MG. Quantitative comparison of current models for trunk motion in human movement analysis. Clin Biomech. 2009;24(7):542\u2013550. doi:10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.05.005"},{"issue":"4","key":"r24","series-title":"J Biomech Eng","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4049160","article-title":"A thorax marker set model to analyse the kinematics of walking without the need to place markers on the back","volume":"143","author":"Orantes-Gonzalez E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Orantes-Gonzalez E, Heredia-Jimenez J, Chohan A, Richards JD. A thorax marker set model to analyse the kinematics of walking without the need to place markers on the back. J Biomech Eng. 2021;143(4):44503. doi:10.1115\/1.4049160"},{"key":"r25","series-title":"Front Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01101","article-title":"The maximum Lyapunov exponent during walking and running: reliability assessment of different marker-sets","volume":"10","author":"Ekizos A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ekizos A, Santuz A, Schroll A, Arampatzis A. The maximum Lyapunov exponent during walking and running: reliability assessment of different marker-sets. Front Physiol. 2018;10;1101. doi:10.3389\/fphys.2018.01101"},{"issue":"3","key":"r26","series-title":"Res Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2015.1040915","article-title":"Influence of gender on trunk and lower limb biomechanics during lateral movements","volume":"23","author":"Weltin E","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weltin E, Mornieux G, Gollhofer A. Influence of gender on trunk and lower limb biomechanics during lateral movements. Res Sports Med. 2015;23(3):265\u2013277. doi:10.1080\/15438627.2015.1040915"},{"issue":"2","key":"r27","series-title":"Eur J Sport Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2014.992478","article-title":"Effect of gender on trunk and pelvis control during lateral movements with perturbed landing","volume":"16","author":"Weltin E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weltin E, Gollhofer A, Mornieux G. Effect of gender on trunk and pelvis control during lateral movements with perturbed landing. Eur J Sport Sci. 2016;16(2):182\u2013189. doi:10.1080\/17461391.2014.992478"},{"key":"r28","series-title":"Pediatr Res Sports Med Soc","article-title":"PRiSM motion analysis research interest group\u2019s sports protocol: knee emphasis, standard operating procedures","volume":"10","author":"Ulman, S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ulman, S, Chafetz R, Wren T, Loewen A. PRiSM motion analysis research interest group\u2019s sports protocol: knee emphasis, standard operating procedures. Pediatr Res Sports Med Soc. 2022;10:28."},{"issue":"2","key":"r29","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-6362(95)93466-P","article-title":"Comparison of 3-dimensional lower extremity kinematics during walking gait using two different marker sets","volume":"3","author":"Castagno P","year":"1995","unstructured":"Castagno P, Richards J, Miller F, Lennon N. Comparison of 3-dimensional lower extremity kinematics during walking gait using two different marker sets. Gait Posture. 1995;3(2):87. doi:10.1016\/0966-6362(95)93466-P"},{"issue":"6","key":"r30","series-title":"J Athl Train","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-50.1.10","article-title":"The landing error scoring system as a screening tool for an anterior cruciate ligament injury\u2013prevention program in elite-youth soccer athletes","volume":"50","author":"Padua DA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Padua DA, DiStefano LJ, Beutler AI, et\u00a0al. The landing error scoring system as a screening tool for an anterior cruciate ligament injury\u2013prevention program in elite-youth soccer athletes. J Athl Train. 2015;50(6):589\u2013595. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-50.1.10"},{"issue":"2","key":"r31","series-title":"Adv Eng Soft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-1195(86)90098-7","article-title":"A Fortran package for generalized, cross-validatory spline smoothing and differentiation","volume":"8","author":"Woltring HJ","year":"1986","unstructured":"Woltring HJ. A Fortran package for generalized, cross-validatory spline smoothing and differentiation. Adv Eng Soft. 1986;8(2), 104\u2013113. doi:10.1016\/0141-1195(86)90098-7"},{"key":"r32","series-title":"Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice","author":"Portney LG","year":"2009","unstructured":"Portney LG, Watkins MP. Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice. Vol. 892. Pearson\/Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River; 2009."},{"issue":"9","key":"r33","series-title":"Clin Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.08.004","article-title":"Sex differences in trunk, pelvis, hip and knee kinematics and eccentric hip torque in adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Silva RS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Silva RS, Serr\u00e3o FV. Sex differences in trunk, pelvis, hip and knee kinematics and eccentric hip torque in adolescents. Clin Biomech. 2014;29(9);1063\u20131069. doi:10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.08.004"},{"key":"r34","series-title":"Sports Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2020.1839124","article-title":"Sex differences in lower extremity kinematics during overhead and single leg squat tests","volume":"23","author":"Lisman P","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lisman P, Wilder JN, Berenbach J, Foster JJ, Hansberger BL. Sex differences in lower extremity kinematics during overhead and single leg squat tests. Sports Biomech. 2021;23:273\u2013286. doi:10.1080\/14763141.2020.1839124"},{"issue":"6","key":"r35","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000218","article-title":"Effects of an obesity-specific marker set on estimated muscle and joint forces in walking","volume":"46","author":"Lerner ZF","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lerner ZF, Board WJ, Browning RC. Effects of an obesity-specific marker set on estimated muscle and joint forces in walking. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46(6):1261\u20131267. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000218"},{"key":"r36","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.06.165","article-title":"Motion analysis evaluation of adolescent athletes during dual-task walking following a concussion: a multicenter study","volume":"64","author":"Solomito MJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Solomito MJ, Kostyun RO, Wu YH, et\u00a0al. Motion analysis evaluation of adolescent athletes during dual-task walking following a concussion: a multicenter study. Gait Posture. 2018;64:260\u2013265. doi:10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.06.165"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Biomechanics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jab\/41\/6\/article-p485.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jab\/41\/6\/article-p485.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jab\/41\/6\/article-p485.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T15:34:30Z","timestamp":1782401670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jab\/41\/6\/article-p485.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jab.2025-0034","relation":{},"ISSN":["1065-8483","1543-2688"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1065-8483","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-2688","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}}}