{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T08:24:37Z","timestamp":1769156677964,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Gait symmetry is often assumed in healthy individuals, yet functional asymmetries arise from biomechanical and neurophysiological factors. Although light upper body loading can improve walking performance, its effect on lower limb joint asymmetry remains unclear. This study examined how different loading conditions affect sagittal plane gait asymmetry at the hip, knee, and ankle. Twenty-two participants walked under 4 conditions: no weight, unilateral arm weight, bilateral arm weights, and waist weights each using 0.45-kg loads. Three-dimensional joint angles were normalized to 101 points across the gait cycle. Asymmetry was assessed using statistical parametric mapping and pointwise effect size. Two metrics were used: (1) temporal extent, defined as the percentage of the gait cycle with significant left\u2013right differences (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.05) and the percentage of the gait cycle with effect size\u2009&gt;0.8 and (2) group-level prevalence, defined as the percentage of participants showing significant asymmetry at each time point. Significant asymmetries were observed across all joints and conditions, with hip and knee levels consistently exceeding those at the ankle. Effect size values often exceeded statistical thresholds, highlighting meaningful differences. Loading produced minimal systematic effects, though individual responses varied. Importantly, light arm weights did not increase asymmetry, supporting their use for gait enhancement.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2025-0159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T18:25:45Z","timestamp":1764095145000},"page":"31-37","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Examination of Gait Asymmetry During Walking With Additional Arm Weights"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6891-8171","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hyung Suk","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Kinesiology and Sport Management, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6596-8408","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lee T.","family":"Atkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rehabilitation Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6502-7760","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"C. Roger","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rehabilitation Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"r1","series-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-200607000-00005","article-title":"Moving the arms to activate the legs","volume":"34","author":"Ferris DP","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ferris DP, Huang HJ, Kao P-C. Moving the arms to activate the legs. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2006;34(3):113\u2013120. doi:10.1249\/00003677-200607000-00005"},{"issue":"5","key":"r2","series-title":"Clin Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.02.014","article-title":"Control of functional movements in healthy and post-stroke subjects: role of neural interlimb coupling","volume":"127","author":"Dietz V","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dietz V, Schrafl-Altermatt M. Control of functional movements in healthy and post-stroke subjects: role of neural interlimb coupling. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(5):2286\u20132293. doi:10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.02.014"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"r3","series-title":"Clin Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(97)00050-8","article-title":"Alterations in gait resulting from deliberate changes of arm-swing amplitude and phase","volume":"12","author":"Eke-Okoro ST","year":"1997","unstructured":"Eke-Okoro ST, Gregoric M, Larsson LE. Alterations in gait resulting from deliberate changes of arm-swing amplitude and phase. Clin Biomech. 1997;12(7-8):516\u2013521. doi:10.1016\/S0268-0033(97)00050-8"},{"issue":"4","key":"r4","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.07.010","article-title":"Effects of constrained arm swing on vertical center of mass displacement during walking","volume":"42","author":"Yang HS","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang HS, Atkins LT, Jensen DB, James CR. Effects of constrained arm swing on vertical center of mass displacement during walking. Gait Posture. 2015;42(4):430\u2013434. doi:10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.07.010"},{"issue":"1","key":"r5","series-title":"Exp Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1145-2","article-title":"Adaptations in arm movements for added mass to wrist or ankle during walking","volume":"146","author":"Donker S","year":"2002","unstructured":"Donker S, Mulder T, Nienhuis B, Duysens J. Adaptations in arm movements for added mass to wrist or ankle during walking. Exp Brain Res. 2002;146(1):26\u201331. doi:10.1007\/s00221-002-1145-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"r6","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00510.2012","article-title":"Arm movements can increase leg muscle activity during submaximal recumbent stepping in neurologically intact individuals","volume":"115","author":"de Kam D","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Kam D, Rijken H, Manintveld T, Nienhuis B, Dietz V, Duysens J. Arm movements can increase leg muscle activity during submaximal recumbent stepping in neurologically intact individuals. J Appl Physiol. 2013;115(1):34\u201342. doi:10.1152\/japplphysiol.00510.2012"},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Hum Mov Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2018.05.003","article-title":"Effects of arm weight on gait performance in healthy subjects","volume":"60","author":"Yang HS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang HS, James CR, Atkins LT, et\u00a0al. Effects of arm weight on gait performance in healthy subjects. Hum Mov Sci. 2018;60:40\u201347. doi:10.1016\/j.humov.2018.05.003"},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Clin Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2023.105873","article-title":"Exploration of arm weight effects on hemiparetic stroke participants\u2019 gait performance","volume":"102","author":"Yang HS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang HS, James CR, Atkins LT, et\u00a0al. Exploration of arm weight effects on hemiparetic stroke participants\u2019 gait performance. Clin Biomech. 2023;102:105873. doi:10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2023.105873"},{"issue":"1","key":"r9","series-title":"Clin Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.06.005","article-title":"The effects of additional arm weights on arm-swing magnitude and gait patterns in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"127","author":"Yoon J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yoon J, Park J, Park K, et\u00a0al. The effects of additional arm weights on arm-swing magnitude and gait patterns in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(1):693\u2013697. doi:10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.06.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"r10","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(00)00070-9","article-title":"Symmetry and limb dominance in able-bodied gait: a review","volume":"12","author":"Sadeghi H","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sadeghi H, Allard P, Prince F, Labelle H. Symmetry and limb dominance in able-bodied gait: a review. Gait Posture. 2000;12(1):34\u201345. doi:10.1016\/S0966-6362(00)00070-9"},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Comput Math Methods Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1737953","article-title":"Symmetry analysis of gait between left and right limb using cross-fuzzy entropy","volume":"2016","author":"Xia Y","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xia Y, Ye Q, Gao Q, Lu Y, Zhang D. Symmetry analysis of gait between left and right limb using cross-fuzzy entropy. Comput Math Methods Med. 2016;2016:1737953. doi:10.1155\/2016\/1737953"},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.04.026","article-title":"Analysis of gait symmetry during over-ground walking in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"55","author":"Eggleston JD","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eggleston JD, Harry JR, Hickman RA, Dufek JS. Analysis of gait symmetry during over-ground walking in children with autism spectrum disorder. Gait Posture. 2017;55:162\u2013166. doi:10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.04.026"},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Res Dev Disabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.01.004","article-title":"Examination of gait parameters during perturbed over-ground walking in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"74","author":"Eggleston JD","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eggleston JD, Landers MR, Bates BT, Nagelhout E, Dufek JS. Examination of gait parameters during perturbed over-ground walking in children with autism spectrum disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2018;74:50\u201356. doi:10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.01.004"},{"issue":"1","key":"r14","series-title":"Sci Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10889-3","article-title":"Efficacy of electromechanical-assisted gait training on clinical walking function and gait symmetry after brain injury of stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Nam YG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nam YG, Ko MJ, Bok SK, et\u00a0al. Efficacy of electromechanical-assisted gait training on clinical walking function and gait symmetry after brain injury of stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):6880. doi:10.1038\/s41598-022-10889-3"},{"issue":"3","key":"r15","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2003.10.001","article-title":"Assessment and validation of a simple automated method for the detection of gait events and intervals","volume":"20","author":"Ghoussayni S","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ghoussayni S, Stevens C, Durham S, Ewins D. Assessment and validation of a simple automated method for the detection of gait events and intervals. Gait Posture. 2004;20(3):266\u2013272. doi:10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2003.10.001"},{"issue":"1","key":"r16","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.08.023","article-title":"Automated event detection algorithms in pathological gait","volume":"39","author":"Bruening DA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bruening DA, Ridge ST. Automated event detection algorithms in pathological gait. Gait Posture. 2014;39(1):472\u2013477. doi:10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.08.023"},{"key":"r17","series-title":"Hum Mov Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2024.103278","article-title":"Influence of texting while walking on lower extremity gait function in young adults","volume":"97","author":"Conroy KE","year":"2024","unstructured":"Conroy KE, Vanderhoof HR, Travis WJ, Moreno AG, Eggleston JD. Influence of texting while walking on lower extremity gait function in young adults. Hum Mov Sci. 2024;97:103278. doi:10.1016\/j.humov.2024.103278"},{"issue":"1","key":"r18","series-title":"Med Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci5010001","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of gait between children with autism and typically developing matched controls","volume":"5","author":"Dufek JS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dufek JS, Eggleston JD, Harry JR, Hickman RA. A comparative evaluation of gait between children with autism and typically developing matched controls. Med Sci. 2017;5(1):1. doi:10.3390\/medsci5010001"},{"issue":"10","key":"r19","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.03.008","article-title":"Generalized n-dimensional biomechanical field analysis using statistical parametric mapping","volume":"43","author":"Pataky TC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pataky TC. Generalized n-dimensional biomechanical field analysis using statistical parametric mapping. J Biomech. 2010;43(10):1976\u20131982. doi:10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.03.008"},{"issue":"5","key":"r20","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199605000-00016","article-title":"Single-subject methodology: an alternative approach","volume":"28","author":"Bates BT","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bates BT. Single-subject methodology: an alternative approach. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28(5):631\u2013638. doi:10.1097\/00005768-199605000-00016"},{"issue":"14","key":"r21","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.07.031","article-title":"Vector field statistical analysis of kinematic and force trajectories","volume":"46","author":"Pataky TC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pataky TC, Robinson MA, Vanrenterghem J. Vector field statistical analysis of kinematic and force trajectories. J Biomech. 2013;46(14):2394\u20132401. doi:10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.07.031"},{"key":"r22","series-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. L. Erlbaum Associates; 1988."},{"key":"r23","series-title":"Front Psychol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863","article-title":"Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs","volume":"4","author":"Lakens D","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lakens D. Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Front Psychol. 2013;4:863. doi:10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863"},{"issue":"143","key":"r24","series-title":"J R Soc Interface","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2017.0816","article-title":"Control of human gait stability through foot placement","volume":"15","author":"Bruijn SM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bruijn SM, van Die\u00ebn JH. Control of human gait stability through foot placement. J R Soc Interface. 2018;15(143):816. doi:10.1098\/rsif.2017.0816"},{"issue":"1","key":"r25","series-title":"Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327841mpee0101_4","article-title":"Experimental and statistical design issues in human movement research","volume":"1","author":"James CR","year":"1997","unstructured":"James CR, Bates BT. Experimental and statistical design issues in human movement research. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci. 1997;1(1):55\u201369. doi:10.1207\/s15327841mpee0101_4"},{"key":"r26","series-title":"Hum Mov Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2014.03.012","article-title":"An exploration of load accommodation strategies during walking with extremity-carried weights","volume":"35","author":"James CR","year":"2014","unstructured":"James CR, Atkins LT, Dufek JS, Bates BT. An exploration of load accommodation strategies during walking with extremity-carried weights. Hum Mov Sci. 2014;35:17\u201329. doi:10.1016\/j.humov.2014.03.012"},{"issue":"4","key":"r27","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.08.006","article-title":"The symmetry angle: a novel, robust method of quantifying asymmetry","volume":"27","author":"Zifchock RA","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zifchock RA, Davis I, Higginson J, Royer T. The symmetry angle: a novel, robust method of quantifying asymmetry. Gait Posture. 2008;27(4):622\u2013627. doi:10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.08.006"},{"key":"r28","series-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.756460","article-title":"Comparison of gait symmetry and joint moments in unilateral and bilateral hip osteoarthritis patients and healthy controls","volume":"9","author":"van Drongelen S","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Drongelen S, Braun S, Stief F, Meurer A. Comparison of gait symmetry and joint moments in unilateral and bilateral hip osteoarthritis patients and healthy controls. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021;9:756460. doi:10.3389\/fbioe.2021.756460"},{"issue":"1","key":"r29","series-title":"Sci Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00463-8","article-title":"Ankle muscles drive mediolateral center of pressure control to ensure stable steady state gait","volume":"11","author":"van Leeuwen AM","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Leeuwen AM, van Die\u00ebn JH, Daffertshofer A, Bruijn SM. Ankle muscles drive mediolateral center of pressure control to ensure stable steady state gait. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):21481. doi:10.1038\/s41598-021-00463-8"},{"issue":"1756","key":"r30","series-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.2784","article-title":"The metabolic and mechanical costs of step time asymmetry in walking","volume":"280","author":"Ellis RG","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ellis RG, Howard KC, Kram R. The metabolic and mechanical costs of step time asymmetry in walking. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. 2013;280(1756):2784. doi:10.1098\/rspb.2012.2784"},{"issue":"3","key":"r1","series-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-200607000-00005","article-title":"Moving the arms to activate the legs","volume":"34","author":"Ferris DP","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ferris DP, Huang HJ, Kao P-C. Moving the arms to activate the legs. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2006;34(3):113\u2013120. doi:10.1249\/00003677-200607000-00005"},{"issue":"5","key":"r2","series-title":"Clin Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.02.014","article-title":"Control of functional movements in healthy and post-stroke subjects: role of neural interlimb coupling","volume":"127","author":"Dietz V","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dietz V, Schrafl-Altermatt M. Control of functional movements in healthy and post-stroke subjects: role of neural interlimb coupling. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(5):2286\u20132293. doi:10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.02.014"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"r3","series-title":"Clin Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(97)00050-8","article-title":"Alterations in gait resulting from deliberate changes of arm-swing amplitude and phase","volume":"12","author":"Eke-Okoro ST","year":"1997","unstructured":"Eke-Okoro ST, Gregoric M, Larsson LE. Alterations in gait resulting from deliberate changes of arm-swing amplitude and phase. Clin Biomech. 1997;12(7-8):516\u2013521. doi:10.1016\/S0268-0033(97)00050-8"},{"issue":"4","key":"r4","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.07.010","article-title":"Effects of constrained arm swing on vertical center of mass displacement during walking","volume":"42","author":"Yang HS","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang HS, Atkins LT, Jensen DB, James CR. Effects of constrained arm swing on vertical center of mass displacement during walking. Gait Posture. 2015;42(4):430\u2013434. doi:10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.07.010"},{"issue":"1","key":"r5","series-title":"Exp Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1145-2","article-title":"Adaptations in arm movements for added mass to wrist or ankle during walking","volume":"146","author":"Donker S","year":"2002","unstructured":"Donker S, Mulder T, Nienhuis B, Duysens J. Adaptations in arm movements for added mass to wrist or ankle during walking. Exp Brain Res. 2002;146(1):26\u201331. doi:10.1007\/s00221-002-1145-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"r6","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00510.2012","article-title":"Arm movements can increase leg muscle activity during submaximal recumbent stepping in neurologically intact individuals","volume":"115","author":"de Kam D","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Kam D, Rijken H, Manintveld T, Nienhuis B, Dietz V, Duysens J. Arm movements can increase leg muscle activity during submaximal recumbent stepping in neurologically intact individuals. J Appl Physiol. 2013;115(1):34\u201342. doi:10.1152\/japplphysiol.00510.2012"},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Hum Mov Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2018.05.003","article-title":"Effects of arm weight on gait performance in healthy subjects","volume":"60","author":"Yang HS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang HS, James CR, Atkins LT, et\u00a0al. Effects of arm weight on gait performance in healthy subjects. Hum Mov Sci. 2018;60:40\u201347. doi:10.1016\/j.humov.2018.05.003"},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Clin Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2023.105873","article-title":"Exploration of arm weight effects on hemiparetic stroke participants\u2019 gait performance","volume":"102","author":"Yang HS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang HS, James CR, Atkins LT, et\u00a0al. Exploration of arm weight effects on hemiparetic stroke participants\u2019 gait performance. Clin Biomech. 2023;102:105873. doi:10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2023.105873"},{"issue":"1","key":"r9","series-title":"Clin Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.06.005","article-title":"The effects of additional arm weights on arm-swing magnitude and gait patterns in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"127","author":"Yoon J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yoon J, Park J, Park K, et\u00a0al. The effects of additional arm weights on arm-swing magnitude and gait patterns in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(1):693\u2013697. doi:10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.06.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"r10","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(00)00070-9","article-title":"Symmetry and limb dominance in able-bodied gait: a review","volume":"12","author":"Sadeghi H","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sadeghi H, Allard P, Prince F, Labelle H. Symmetry and limb dominance in able-bodied gait: a review. Gait Posture. 2000;12(1):34\u201345. doi:10.1016\/S0966-6362(00)00070-9"},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Comput Math Methods Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1737953","article-title":"Symmetry analysis of gait between left and right limb using cross-fuzzy entropy","volume":"2016","author":"Xia Y","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xia Y, Ye Q, Gao Q, Lu Y, Zhang D. Symmetry analysis of gait between left and right limb using cross-fuzzy entropy. Comput Math Methods Med. 2016;2016:1737953. doi:10.1155\/2016\/1737953"},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.04.026","article-title":"Analysis of gait symmetry during over-ground walking in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"55","author":"Eggleston JD","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eggleston JD, Harry JR, Hickman RA, Dufek JS. Analysis of gait symmetry during over-ground walking in children with autism spectrum disorder. Gait Posture. 2017;55:162\u2013166. doi:10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.04.026"},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Res Dev Disabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.01.004","article-title":"Examination of gait parameters during perturbed over-ground walking in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"74","author":"Eggleston JD","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eggleston JD, Landers MR, Bates BT, Nagelhout E, Dufek JS. Examination of gait parameters during perturbed over-ground walking in children with autism spectrum disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2018;74:50\u201356. doi:10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.01.004"},{"issue":"1","key":"r14","series-title":"Sci Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10889-3","article-title":"Efficacy of electromechanical-assisted gait training on clinical walking function and gait symmetry after brain injury of stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Nam YG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nam YG, Ko MJ, Bok SK, et\u00a0al. Efficacy of electromechanical-assisted gait training on clinical walking function and gait symmetry after brain injury of stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):6880. doi:10.1038\/s41598-022-10889-3"},{"issue":"3","key":"r15","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2003.10.001","article-title":"Assessment and validation of a simple automated method for the detection of gait events and intervals","volume":"20","author":"Ghoussayni S","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ghoussayni S, Stevens C, Durham S, Ewins D. Assessment and validation of a simple automated method for the detection of gait events and intervals. Gait Posture. 2004;20(3):266\u2013272. doi:10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2003.10.001"},{"issue":"1","key":"r16","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.08.023","article-title":"Automated event detection algorithms in pathological gait","volume":"39","author":"Bruening DA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bruening DA, Ridge ST. Automated event detection algorithms in pathological gait. Gait Posture. 2014;39(1):472\u2013477. doi:10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.08.023"},{"key":"r17","series-title":"Hum Mov Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2024.103278","article-title":"Influence of texting while walking on lower extremity gait function in young adults","volume":"97","author":"Conroy KE","year":"2024","unstructured":"Conroy KE, Vanderhoof HR, Travis WJ, Moreno AG, Eggleston JD. Influence of texting while walking on lower extremity gait function in young adults. Hum Mov Sci. 2024;97:103278. doi:10.1016\/j.humov.2024.103278"},{"issue":"1","key":"r18","series-title":"Med Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci5010001","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of gait between children with autism and typically developing matched controls","volume":"5","author":"Dufek JS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dufek JS, Eggleston JD, Harry JR, Hickman RA. A comparative evaluation of gait between children with autism and typically developing matched controls. Med Sci. 2017;5(1):1. doi:10.3390\/medsci5010001"},{"issue":"10","key":"r19","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.03.008","article-title":"Generalized n-dimensional biomechanical field analysis using statistical parametric mapping","volume":"43","author":"Pataky TC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pataky TC. Generalized n-dimensional biomechanical field analysis using statistical parametric mapping. J Biomech. 2010;43(10):1976\u20131982. doi:10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.03.008"},{"issue":"5","key":"r20","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199605000-00016","article-title":"Single-subject methodology: an alternative approach","volume":"28","author":"Bates BT","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bates BT. Single-subject methodology: an alternative approach. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28(5):631\u2013638. doi:10.1097\/00005768-199605000-00016"},{"issue":"14","key":"r21","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.07.031","article-title":"Vector field statistical analysis of kinematic and force trajectories","volume":"46","author":"Pataky TC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pataky TC, Robinson MA, Vanrenterghem J. Vector field statistical analysis of kinematic and force trajectories. J Biomech. 2013;46(14):2394\u20132401. doi:10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.07.031"},{"key":"r22","series-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. L. Erlbaum Associates; 1988."},{"key":"r23","series-title":"Front Psychol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863","article-title":"Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs","volume":"4","author":"Lakens D","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lakens D. Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Front Psychol. 2013;4:863. doi:10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863"},{"issue":"143","key":"r24","series-title":"J R Soc Interface","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2017.0816","article-title":"Control of human gait stability through foot placement","volume":"15","author":"Bruijn SM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bruijn SM, van Die\u00ebn JH. Control of human gait stability through foot placement. J R Soc Interface. 2018;15(143):816. doi:10.1098\/rsif.2017.0816"},{"issue":"1","key":"r25","series-title":"Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327841mpee0101_4","article-title":"Experimental and statistical design issues in human movement research","volume":"1","author":"James CR","year":"1997","unstructured":"James CR, Bates BT. Experimental and statistical design issues in human movement research. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci. 1997;1(1):55\u201369. doi:10.1207\/s15327841mpee0101_4"},{"key":"r26","series-title":"Hum Mov Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2014.03.012","article-title":"An exploration of load accommodation strategies during walking with extremity-carried weights","volume":"35","author":"James CR","year":"2014","unstructured":"James CR, Atkins LT, Dufek JS, Bates BT. An exploration of load accommodation strategies during walking with extremity-carried weights. Hum Mov Sci. 2014;35:17\u201329. doi:10.1016\/j.humov.2014.03.012"},{"issue":"4","key":"r27","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.08.006","article-title":"The symmetry angle: a novel, robust method of quantifying asymmetry","volume":"27","author":"Zifchock RA","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zifchock RA, Davis I, Higginson J, Royer T. The symmetry angle: a novel, robust method of quantifying asymmetry. Gait Posture. 2008;27(4):622\u2013627. doi:10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.08.006"},{"key":"r28","series-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.756460","article-title":"Comparison of gait symmetry and joint moments in unilateral and bilateral hip osteoarthritis patients and healthy controls","volume":"9","author":"van Drongelen S","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Drongelen S, Braun S, Stief F, Meurer A. Comparison of gait symmetry and joint moments in unilateral and bilateral hip osteoarthritis patients and healthy controls. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021;9:756460. doi:10.3389\/fbioe.2021.756460"},{"issue":"1","key":"r29","series-title":"Sci Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00463-8","article-title":"Ankle muscles drive mediolateral center of pressure control to ensure stable steady state gait","volume":"11","author":"van Leeuwen AM","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Leeuwen AM, van Die\u00ebn JH, Daffertshofer A, Bruijn SM. Ankle muscles drive mediolateral center of pressure control to ensure stable steady state gait. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):21481. doi:10.1038\/s41598-021-00463-8"},{"issue":"1756","key":"r30","series-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.2784","article-title":"The metabolic and mechanical costs of step time asymmetry in walking","volume":"280","author":"Ellis RG","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ellis RG, Howard KC, Kram R. The metabolic and mechanical costs of step time asymmetry in walking. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. 2013;280(1756):2784. doi:10.1098\/rspb.2012.2784"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Biomechanics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jab\/42\/1\/article-p31.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jab\/42\/1\/article-p31.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jab\/42\/1\/article-p31.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T16:09:45Z","timestamp":1769098185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jab\/42\/1\/article-p31.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jab.2025-0159","relation":{},"ISSN":["1065-8483","1543-2688"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1065-8483","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-2688","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]}}}