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Motion capture and electromyography were employed to collect the spatiotemporal gait parameters, muscle activities of the right tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius muscles, and right lower limb joint angles of the participants. Our results showed that overground walking in the VRE altered several spatiotemporal gait parameters. In addition, the mean electromyography activity of the tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius muscles was reduced in the VRE during the initial double- and single-support phases. Most measured biomechanical parameters showed no significant interaction between the walking cadence and environment. This study clarifies biomechanical differences underlying the more cautious gait observed in a VRE, offering practical implications to enhance usability and optimize virtual reality locomotion design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2025-0301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T18:21:10Z","timestamp":1780510870000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biomechanical Differences During Overground Walking in Virtual Reality: A Comparative Study With a Real Environment"],"prefix":"10.1123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6647-6051","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhiyu","family":"Tao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6469-3147","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Teerapapa","family":"Luecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3821-3039","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ping Yeap","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0778-4270","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seiji","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Okayama Prefectural University, Okayama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7912-9012","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Muraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1109\/GHTC.2014.6970345","article-title":"Affordable altered perspectives: making augmented and virtual reality technology accessible","author":"Amer A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Amer A, Peralez P. 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