{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T15:20:23Z","timestamp":1780672823222,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"\n \n Background<\/jats:bold>\n :\n <\/jats:italic>\n Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) affects motor and nonmotor functions, impacting PD-related quality of life. The role of physical activity (PA) in the management of PD symptoms is increasingly recognized.\n \n Purpose<\/jats:bold>\n :\n <\/jats:italic>\n To examine the effects of PA levels on PD motor and nonmotor symptoms, and health-related quality of life, using the Fox Insight study\u2019s data set. It also examines PA\u2019s moderating effects on the age\u2013PD motor function relationship.\n \n Methods<\/jats:bold>\n :\n <\/jats:italic>\n In this cross-sectional observational study, 1,288 participants with PD (55.8% men, age: 64.54\u2009\u00b1\u20099.99) from the Fox Insight study were divided into four groups (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009322 each) based on their PA level as measured by the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE). PD motor and nonmotor symptoms were assessed using the Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale-2 (UPDRS-2), Parkinson\u2019s Disease Questionnaire-8 (PDQ-8), Geriatric Depression Scale\u2013Short Form, Penn Parkinson\u2019s Daily Activities Questionnaire-15, and EuroQol-Visual Analog Scale. Statistical analyses included Kruskal\u2013Wallis, Pearson\u2019s correlation, and multiple linear regression, with alpha set at .05.\n \n Results<\/jats:bold>\n :\n <\/jats:italic>\n Higher PASE correlated with better UPDRS-2, Parkinson\u2019s Disease Questionnaire-8, Geriatric Depression Scale\u2013Short Form, Penn Parkinson\u2019s Daily Activities Questionnaire-15, and EuroQol-Visual Analog Scale. The study found significant influences of PASE on UPDRS-2, age, Geriatric Depression Scale\u2013Short Form, body mass index, and EQ-VAS (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n adj\u2009=\u2009.174,\n F<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200953.998,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001). Notably, PASE moderated the relationship between age and UPDRS-2, suggesting a pivoting role in slowing PD-related symptom progression with age (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n adj\u2009=\u2009.145,\n F<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200973.47,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001).\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\n :\n <\/jats:italic>\n Increased PA levels are associated with better outcomes in PD motor and nonmotor symptoms, improved PD-related quality of life, and a slowed progression of PD symptoms.\n \n Implications<\/jats:bold>\n :\n <\/jats:italic>\n Promoting higher levels of PA in older adults with PD effectively manages motor and nonmotor symptoms of PD. In addition, early and consistent PA is the key to moderating the progression of PD symptoms.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2024-0252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T13:05:10Z","timestamp":1746623110000},"page":"583-593","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of Physical Activity Levels on Parkinson\u2019s Disease Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms and Quality of Life in Older Adults With Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5405-5865","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Younguk","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Science and Exercise Physiology Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7271-8527","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jin Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8517-8710","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Angela L.","family":"Ridgel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Science and Exercise Physiology Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.11.006","article-title":"Self-reported physical activity levels and clinical progression in early Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"61","author":"Amara, A.W.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amara, A.W., Chahine, L., Seedorff, N., Caspell-Garcia, C.J., Coffey, C., & Simuni, T. (2019). Self-reported physical activity levels and clinical progression in early Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 61, 118\u2013125. 10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.11.006"},{"issue":"1","key":"r2","series-title":"BMC Neurology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02426-y","article-title":"Test\u2013retest reliability of physical activity questionnaires in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"\u00c5nfors, S.","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u00c5nfors, S., Kammerlind, A.-S., & Nilsson, M.H. (2021). Test\u2013retest reliability of physical activity questionnaires in Parkinson\u2019s disease. BMC Neurology, 21(1), Article 399. 10.1186\/s12883-021-02426-y"},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Brain,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.11.2131","article-title":"Pathophysiology of bradykinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"124","author":"Berardelli, A.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Berardelli, A., Rothwell, J.C., Thompson, P.D., & Hallett, M. (2001). Pathophysiology of bradykinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain, 124, 2131\u20132146. 10.1093\/brain\/124.11.2131"},{"issue":"4","key":"r4","series-title":"Journal of Parkinson\u2019s Disease,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-171199","article-title":"Increasing efficiency of recruitment in early Parkinson\u2019s disease trials: A case study examination of the STEADY-PD III Trial","volume":"7","author":"Berk, S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Berk, S., Greco, B.L., Biglan, K., Kopil, C.M., Holloway, R.G., Meunier, C., & Simuni, T. (2017). Increasing efficiency of recruitment in early Parkinson\u2019s disease trials: A case study examination of the STEADY-PD III Trial. Journal of Parkinson\u2019s Disease, 7(4), 685\u2013693. 10.3233\/jpd-171199"},{"issue":"7","key":"r5","series-title":"Quality of Life Researchs,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-024-03646-8","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of EuroQol (EQ-5D) utility scores","volume":"33","author":"Bhanupriya, R.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bhanupriya, R., Haridoss, M., Lakshmi, G.S., & Bagepally, B.S. (2024). Health-related quality of life in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of EuroQol (EQ-5D) utility scores. Quality of Life Researchs, 33(7), 1781\u20131793. 10.1007\/s11136-024-03646-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"r6","series-title":"Prog Neurobiol,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/s0301-0082(99)00067-2","article-title":"Functional changes of the basal ganglia circuitry in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"62","author":"Blandini, F.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Blandini, F., Nappi, G., Tassorelli, C., & Martignoni, E. (2000). Functional changes of the basal ganglia circuitry in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Prog Neurobiol, 62(1), 63\u201388. 10.1016\/s0301-0082(99)00067-2"},{"issue":"22","key":"r7","series-title":"Neurology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2194","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000200113","article-title":"Association of motor and nonmotor symptoms with health-related quality of life in a large online cohort of people with Parkinson disease","volume":"98","author":"Bock, M.A.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bock, M.A., Brown, E.G., Zhang, L., & Tanner, C. (2022). Association of motor and nonmotor symptoms with health-related quality of life in a large online cohort of people with Parkinson disease. Neurology, 98(22), e2194\u2013e2203. 10.1212\/wnl.0000000000200113"},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Journal of Parkinson\u2019s Disease,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-171233","article-title":"What is functional mobility applied to Parkinson\u2019s disease?","volume":"8","author":"Bou\u00e7a-Machado, R.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bou\u00e7a-Machado, R., Maetzler, W., & Ferreira, J.J. (2018). What is functional mobility applied to Parkinson\u2019s disease? Journal of Parkinson\u2019s Disease, 8, 121\u2013130. 10.3233\/JPD-171233"},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Advances in Parkinson\u2019s Disease,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4236\/apd.2016.54011","article-title":"Racial disparities in Parkinson disease: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Branson, C.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Branson, C., Ferree, A., Hohler, A., & Saint-Hilaire, M. (2016). Racial disparities in Parkinson disease: A systematic review of the literature. Advances in Parkinson\u2019s Disease, 5, 87\u201396. 10.4236\/apd.2016.54011"},{"issue":"1","key":"r10","series-title":"Movement Disorders,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26339","article-title":"Development and initial testing of the Penn Parkinson\u2019s Daily Activities Questionnaire","volume":"31","author":"Brennan, L.","year":"2016a","unstructured":"Brennan, L., Siderowf, A., Rubright, J.D., Rick, J., Dahodwala, N., Duda, J.E., Hurtig, H., Stern, M., Xie, S.X., Rennert, L., Karlawish, J., Shea, J.A., Trojanowski, J.Q., & Weintraub, D. (2016a). Development and initial testing of the Penn Parkinson\u2019s Daily Activities Questionnaire. Movement Disorders, 31(1), 126\u2013134. 10.1002\/mds.26339"},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.02.020","article-title":"The penn Parkinson\u2019s daily activities questionnaire-15: Psychometric properties of a brief assessment of cognitive instrumental activities of daily living in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Brennan, L.","year":"2016b","unstructured":"Brennan, L., Siderowf, A., Rubright, J.D., Rick, J., Dahodwala, N., Duda, J.E., Hurtig, H., Stern, M., Xie, S.X., Rennert, L., Karlawish, J., Shea, J.A., Trojanowski, J.Q., & Weintraub, D. (2016b). The penn Parkinson\u2019s daily activities questionnaire-15: Psychometric properties of a brief assessment of cognitive instrumental activities of daily living in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 25, 21\u201326. 10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.02.020"},{"issue":"5","key":"r12","series-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3475","article-title":"Power failure: Why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience","volume":"14","author":"Button, K.S.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Button, K.S., Ioannidis, J.P.A., Mokrysz, C., Nosek, B.A., Flint, J., Robinson, E.S.J., & Munaf\u00f2, M.R. (2013). Power failure: Why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(5), 365\u2013376. 10.1038\/nrn3475"},{"issue":"1","key":"r13","series-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0742-5","article-title":"Evaluation of PDQ-8 and its relationship with PDQ-39 in China: A three-year longitudinal study","volume":"15","author":"Chen, K.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen, K., Yang, Y.J., Liu, F.T., Li, D.K., Bu, L.L., Yang, K., Wang, Y., Shen, B., Guan, R.Y., Song, J., Wang, J., & Wu, J.J. (2017). Evaluation of PDQ-8 and its relationship with PDQ-39 in China: A three-year longitudinal study. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 15(1), Article 170. 10.1186\/s12955-017-0742-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"r14","series-title":"Trials,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-2578-7","article-title":"Patient-centered recruitment and retention for a randomized controlled study","volume":"19","author":"Chhatre, S.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chhatre, S., Jefferson, A., Cook, R., Meeker, C.R., Kim, J.H., Hartz, K.M., Wong, Y.-N., Caruso, A., Newman, D.K., Morales, K.H., & Jayadevappa, R. (2018). Patient-centered recruitment and retention for a randomized controlled study. Trials, 19(1), Article 205. 10.1186\/s13063-018-2578-7"},{"issue":"20","key":"r15","series-title":"Neurology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182749e95","article-title":"Parkinson disease and driving: An evidence-based review","volume":"79","author":"Crizzle, A.M.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Crizzle, A.M., Classen, S., & Uc, E.Y. (2012). Parkinson disease and driving: An evidence-based review. Neurology, 79(20), 2067\u20132074. 10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182749e95"},{"key":"r16","series-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00186","article-title":"Chasing protection in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Does exercise reduce risk and progression?","volume":"12","author":"Crotty, G.F.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Crotty, G.F., & Schwarzschild, M.A. (2020). Chasing protection in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Does exercise reduce risk and progression? Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 12, Article 186. 10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00186"},{"key":"r17","series-title":"Digit Health,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055207615592998","article-title":"Virtual research visits and direct-to-consumer genetic testing in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"1","author":"Dorsey, E.R.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dorsey, E.R., Darwin, K.C., Mohammed, S., Donohue, S., Tethal, A., Achey, M.A., Ward, S., Caughey, E., Conley, E.D., Eriksson, N., & Ravina, B. (2015). Virtual research visits and direct-to-consumer genetic testing in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Digit Health, 1, 1\u201318. 10.1177\/2055207615592998"},{"issue":"8","key":"r18","series-title":"Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319856893","article-title":"Sedentary behavior and quality of life in individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"33","author":"Ellingson, L.D.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ellingson, L.D., Zaman, A., & Stegem\u00f6ller, E.L. (2019). Sedentary behavior and quality of life in individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 33(8), 595\u2013601. 10.1177\/1545968319856893"},{"issue":"1","key":"r19","series-title":"The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013856.pub2","article-title":"Physical exercise for people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Ernst, M.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ernst, M., Folkerts, A.K., Gollan, R., Lieker, E., Caro-Valenzuela, J., Adams, A., Cryns, N., Monsef, I., Dresen, A., Roheger, M., Eggers, C., Skoetz, N., & Kalbe, E. (2023). Physical exercise for people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1(1), Article Cd013856. 10.1002\/14651858.CD013856.pub2"},{"issue":"4","key":"r20","series-title":"Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1590\/2176-9451.19.4.027-029.ebo","article-title":"How sample size influences research outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Faber, J.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Faber, J., & Fonseca, L.M. (2014). How sample size influences research outcomes. Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics, 19(4), 27\u201329. 10.1590\/2176-9451.19.4.027-029.ebo"},{"key":"r21","series-title":"Movement Disorders,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23829","article-title":"The movement disorder society evidence-based medicine review update: Treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"26 Suppl 3","author":"Fox, S.H.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fox, S.H., Katzenschlager, R., Lim, S.Y., Ravina, B., Seppi, K., Coelho, M., Poewe, W., Rascol, O., Goetz, C.G., & Sampaio, C. (2011). The movement disorder society evidence-based medicine review update: Treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Movement Disorders, 26 Suppl 3, S2\u201341. 10.1002\/mds.23829"},{"issue":"2","key":"r22","series-title":"Movement Disorders,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27906","article-title":"Bridging the gaps: More inclusive research needed to fully understand Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Gilbert, R.M.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gilbert, R.M., & Standaert, D.G. (2020). Bridging the gaps: More inclusive research needed to fully understand Parkinson\u2019s disease. Movement Disorders, 35(2), 231\u2013234. 10.1002\/mds.27906"},{"issue":"2","key":"r23","series-title":"N\u00f6ro Psikiyatri Ar\u015fivi,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.5152\/npa.2016.12758","article-title":"Motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Effects on quality of life","volume":"54","author":"G\u00f6k\u00e7al, E.","year":"2017","unstructured":"G\u00f6k\u00e7al, E., G\u00fcr, V.E., Selvitop, R., Yildiz, G.B., & Asil, T. (2017). Motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Effects on quality of life. N\u00f6ro Psikiyatri Ar\u015fivi, 54(2), 143\u2013148. 10.5152\/npa.2016.12758"},{"issue":"5","key":"r24","series-title":"Movement Disorders,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21922","article-title":"The effectiveness of exercise interventions for people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Goodwin, V.A.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goodwin, V.A., Richards, S.H., Taylor, R.S., Taylor, A.H., & Campbell, J.L. (2008). The effectiveness of exercise interventions for people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Movement Disorders, 23(5), 631\u2013640. 10.1002\/mds.21922"},{"issue":"6","key":"r25","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200106000-00016","article-title":"An evaluation of three self-report physical activity instruments for older adults","volume":"33","author":"Harada, N.D.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harada, N.D., Chiu, V., King, A.C., & Stewart, A.L. (2001). An evaluation of three self-report physical activity instruments for older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(6), 962\u2013970. 10.1097\/00005768-200106000-00016"},{"issue":"4","key":"r26","series-title":"Gait Posture,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.12.022","article-title":"Progressive resistance training improves gait initiation in individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Hass, C.J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hass, C.J., Buckley, T.A., Pitsikoulis, C., & Barthelemy, E.J. (2012). Progressive resistance training improves gait initiation in individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Gait Posture, 35(4), 669\u2013673. 10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.12.022"},{"issue":"4","key":"r27","series-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00208.2020","article-title":"Maximal strength training in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: Impact on efferent neural drive, force-generating capacity, and functional performance","volume":"129","author":"Helgerud, J.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Helgerud, J., Thomsen, S.N., Hoff, J., Strandbr\u00e5ten, A., Leivseth, G., Unhjem, R., & Wang, E. (2020). Maximal strength training in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: Impact on efferent neural drive, force-generating capacity, and functional performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 129(4), 683\u2013690. 10.1152\/japplphysiol.00208.2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"r28","series-title":"European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine,","first-page":"215","article-title":"Exercise and neuroplasticity in persons living with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"45","author":"Hirsch, M.A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hirsch, M.A., & Farley, B.G. (2009). Exercise and neuroplasticity in persons living with Parkinson\u2019s disease. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 45(2), 215\u2013229."},{"issue":"5","key":"r29","series-title":"Movement Disorders,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26960","article-title":"Minimal clinically important differences for the experiences of daily living parts of movement disorder society-sponsored unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale","volume":"32","author":"Horv\u00e1th, K.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Horv\u00e1th, K., Aschermann, Z., Kov\u00e1cs, M., Makkos, A., Harmat, M., Janszky, J., Komoly, S., Kar\u00e1di, K., & Kov\u00e1cs, N. (2017). Minimal clinically important differences for the experiences of daily living parts of movement disorder society-sponsored unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale. Movement Disorders, 32(5), 789\u2013793. 10.1002\/mds.26960"},{"issue":"7","key":"r30","series-title":"Arthritis Care & Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24554","article-title":"Longitudinal relationship between physical activity and joint space narrowing: Forty-eight-month follow-up data from the osteoarthritis initiative","volume":"74","author":"Hu, B.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu, B., Han, D., Nevitt, M.C., Wise, B.L., & Segal, N.A. (2022). Longitudinal relationship between physical activity and joint space narrowing: Forty-eight-month follow-up data from the osteoarthritis initiative. Arthritis Care & Research, 74(7), 1163\u20131171. 10.1002\/acr.24554"},{"key":"r31","series-title":"Social Science & Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.07.019","article-title":"The effect of physical activity on long-term income","volume":"96","author":"Hyytinen, A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hyytinen, A., & Lahtonen, J. (2013). The effect of physical activity on long-term income. Social Science & Medicine, 96, 129\u2013137. 10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.07.019"},{"issue":"8","key":"r32","series-title":"PLoS One,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135651","article-title":"Income and physical activity among adults: Evidence from self-reported and pedometer-based physical activity measurements","volume":"10","author":"Kari, J.T.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kari, J.T., Pehkonen, J., Hirvensalo, M., Yang, X., Hutri-K\u00e4h\u00f6nen, N., Raitakari, O.T., & Tammelin, T.H. (2015). Income and physical activity among adults: Evidence from self-reported and pedometer-based physical activity measurements. PLoS One, 10(8), Article e0135651. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0135651"},{"issue":"10","key":"r33","series-title":"Movement Disorders,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26728","article-title":"The best medicine? The influence of physical activity and inactivity on Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"31","author":"LaHue, S.C.","year":"2016","unstructured":"LaHue, S.C., Comella, C.L., & Tanner, C.M. (2016). The best medicine? The influence of physical activity and inactivity on Parkinson\u2019s disease. Movement Disorders, 31(10), 1444\u20131454. 10.1002\/mds.26728"},{"issue":"9","key":"r34","series-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3967","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10093967","article-title":"The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) questionnaire; does it predict physical health?","volume":"10","author":"Logan, S.L.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Logan, S.L., Gottlieb, B.H., Maitland, S.B., Meegan, D., & Spriet, L.L. (2013). The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) questionnaire; does it predict physical health? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(9), 3967\u20133986. 10.3390\/ijerph10093967"},{"issue":"12","key":"r35","series-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4970","article-title":"Does the Geriatric Depression Scale measure depression in Parkinson\u2019s disease?","volume":"33","author":"Lopez, F.V.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lopez, F.V., Split, M., Filoteo, J.V., Litvan, I., Moore, R.C., Pirogovsky-Turk, E., Liu, L., Lessig, S., & Schiehser, D.M. (2018). Does the Geriatric Depression Scale measure depression in Parkinson\u2019s disease? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 33(12), 1662\u20131670. 10.1002\/gps.4970"},{"key":"r36","series-title":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.09.004","article-title":"Comparing self-reported and objective monitoring of physical activity in Parkinson disease","volume":"67","author":"Mantri, S.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mantri, S., Wood, S., Duda, J.E., & Morley, J.F. (2019). Comparing self-reported and objective monitoring of physical activity in Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 67, 56\u201359. 10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.09.004"},{"issue":"1","key":"r37","series-title":"NPJ Parkinsons\u2019s Disease,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-018-0058-0","article-title":"Prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease across North America","volume":"4","author":"Marras, C.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marras, C., Beck, J.C., Bower, J.H., Roberts, E., Ritz, B., Ross, G.W., Abbott, R.D., Savica, R., Van den Eeden, S.K., Willis, A.W., Tanner, C.M., & Parkinson\u2019s Foundation P4 Group. (2018). Prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease across North America. NPJ Parkinsons\u2019s Disease, 4(1), Article 21. 10.1038\/s41531-018-0058-0"},{"issue":"7","key":"r38","series-title":"Movement Disorders,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21355","article-title":"Caregiver burden in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00edn, P.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00edn, P., Forjaz, M.J., Frades-Payo, B., Rusi\u00f1ol, A.B., Fern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda, J.M., Benito-Le\u00f3n, J., Arillo, V.C., Barber\u00e1, M.A., Sordo, M.P., & Catal\u00e1n, M.J. (2007). Caregiver burden in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Movement Disorders, 22(7), 924\u2013931. 10.1002\/mds.21355"},{"issue":"1","key":"r39","series-title":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.10.026","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease severity levels and MDS-Unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale","volume":"21","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00edn, P.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00edn, P., Rodr\u00edguez-Bl\u00e1zquez, C., Mario, A., Arakaki, T., Arillo, V.C., Chan\u00e1, P., Fern\u00e1ndez, W., Garretto, N., Mart\u00ednez-Castrillo, J.C., Rodr\u00edguez-Violante, M., Serrano-Due\u00f1as, M., Ballesteros, D., Rojo-Abuin, J.M., Chaudhuri, K.R., & Merello, M. (2015). Parkinson\u2019s disease severity levels and MDS-Unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 21(1), 50\u201354. 10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.10.026"},{"key":"r40","series-title":"Trials,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-7-9","article-title":"What influences recruitment to randomised controlled trials? A review of trials funded by two UK funding agencies","volume":"7","author":"McDonald, A.M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"McDonald, A.M., Knight, R.C., Campbell, M.K., Entwistle, V.A., Grant, A.M., Cook, J.A., Elbourne, D.R., Francis, D., Garcia, J., Roberts, I., & Snowdon, C. (2006). What influences recruitment to randomised controlled trials? A review of trials funded by two UK funding agencies. Trials, 7, Article 9. 10.1186\/1745-6215-7-9"},{"key":"r41","series-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116677","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of forced exercise cycling in individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"410","author":"Miner, D.G.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miner, D.G., Aron, A., & DiSalvo, E. (2020). Therapeutic effects of forced exercise cycling in individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 410, Article 116677. 10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116677"},{"issue":"4","key":"r42","series-title":"J Parkinsons Dis,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-140432","article-title":"Which patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease participate in clinical trials? One centre\u2019s experiences with a new cell based therapy trial (TRANSEURO)","volume":"4","author":"Moore, S.F.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moore, S.F., Guzman, N.V., Mason, S.L., Williams-Gray, C.H., & Barker, R.A. (2014). Which patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease participate in clinical trials? One centre\u2019s experiences with a new cell based therapy trial (TRANSEURO). J Parkinsons Dis, 4(4), 671\u2013676. 10.3233\/jpd-140432"},{"key":"r43","series-title":"Clinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2021.100094","article-title":"Video-based Parkinson\u2019s disease assessments in a nationwide cohort of Fox Insight participants","volume":"4","author":"Myers, T.L.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Myers, T.L., Tarolli, C.G., Adams, J.L., Barbano, R., Cristina Gil-D\u00edaz, M., Spear, K.L., Lowell, J., Daeschler, M., Riley, L., Amondikar, N., Auinger, P., Marras, C., Tanner, C.M., Ray Dorsey, E., & Schneider, R.B. (2021). Video-based Parkinson\u2019s disease assessments in a nationwide cohort of Fox Insight participants. Clinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 4, Article 100094. 10.1016\/j.prdoa.2021.100094"},{"issue":"3","key":"r44","series-title":"Journal of Parkinson's Disease,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-239001","article-title":"Clinical trial highlights\u2014Interventions promoting physical activity in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Oosterhof, T.H.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oosterhof, T.H., Schootemeijer, S., & de Vries, N.M. (2023). Clinical trial highlights\u2014Interventions promoting physical activity in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Journal of Parkinson's Disease, 13(3), 311\u2013322. 10.3233\/jpd-239001"},{"issue":"3","key":"r45","series-title":"Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1177\/08919887221119963","article-title":"The validity of health-related quality of life instruments in patients with late-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Ramadhan, M.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramadhan, M., & Schrag, A. (2023). The validity of health-related quality of life instruments in patients with late-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 36(3), 225\u2013232. 10.1177\/08919887221119963"},{"issue":"5","key":"r46","series-title":"Movement Disorders,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10248","article-title":"Systematic evaluation of rating scales for impairment and disability in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Ramaker, C.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ramaker, C., Marinus, J., Stiggelbout, A.M., & Van Hilten, B.J. (2002). Systematic evaluation of rating scales for impairment and disability in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Movement Disorders, 17(5), 867\u2013876. 10.1002\/mds.10248"},{"issue":"1","key":"r47","series-title":"Movement Disorders,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26484","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of exercise to improve mood, cognition, and sleep in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"31","author":"Reynolds, G.O.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reynolds, G.O., Otto, M.W., Ellis, T.D., & Cronin-Golomb, A. (2016). The therapeutic potential of exercise to improve mood, cognition, and sleep in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Movement Disorders, 31(1), 23\u201338. 10.1002\/mds.26484"},{"key":"r48","series-title":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2008.06.005","article-title":"Minority enrollment in Parkinson\u2019s disease clinical trials","volume":"15","author":"Schneider, M.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schneider, M., Swearingen, C., Shulman, L., Ye, J., Baumgarten, M., & Tilley, B. (2008). Minority enrollment in Parkinson\u2019s disease clinical trials. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 15, 258\u2013262. 10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2008.06.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"r49","series-title":"Brain Connect,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2014.0328","article-title":"Exercise therapy for Parkinson\u2019s disease: Pedaling rate is related to changes in motor connectivity","volume":"6","author":"Shah, C.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shah, C., Beall, E.B., Frankemolle, A.M., Penko, A., Phillips, M.D., Lowe, M.J., & Alberts, J.L. (2016). Exercise therapy for Parkinson\u2019s disease: Pedaling rate is related to changes in motor connectivity. Brain Connect, 6(1), 25\u201336. 10.1089\/brain.2014.0328"},{"key":"r50","series-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.08.053","article-title":"Usefulness of the 15-item geriatric depression scale (GDS-15) for classifying minor and major depressive disorders among community-dwelling elders","volume":"259","author":"Shin, C.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shin, C., Park, M.H., Lee, S.H., Ko, Y.H., Kim, Y.K., Han, K.M., Jeong, H.G., & Han, C. (2019). Usefulness of the 15-item geriatric depression scale (GDS-15) for classifying minor and major depressive disorders among community-dwelling elders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 259, 370\u2013375. 10.1016\/j.jad.2019.08.053"},{"issue":"1","key":"r51","series-title":"Gender Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/s1550-8579(07)80003-9","article-title":"Gender differences in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Shulman, L.M.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shulman, L.M. (2007). Gender differences in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Gender Medicine, 4(1), 8\u201318. 10.1016\/s1550-8579(07)80003-9"},{"key":"r52","series-title":"Preventive Medicine,","first-page":"91","article-title":"Income, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and the \u2018weekend warrior\u2019 among U.S. adults","volume":"103","author":"Shuval, K.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shuval, K., Li, Q., Gabriel, K.P., & Tchernis, R. (2017). Income, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and the \u2018weekend warrior\u2019 among U.S. adults. Preventive Medicine, 103, 91\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.07.033"},{"key":"r53","series-title":"Experimental Neurology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.03.010","article-title":"Sex differences in Parkinson\u2019s disease and other movement disorders","volume":"259","author":"Smith, K.M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smith, K.M., & Dahodwala, N. (2014). Sex differences in Parkinson\u2019s disease and other movement disorders. Experimental Neurology, 259, 44\u201356. 10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.03.010"},{"issue":"1","key":"r54","series-title":"Scientific Data,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0401-2","article-title":"Fox Insight collects online, longitudinal patient-reported outcomes and genetic data on Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Smolensky, L.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smolensky, L., Amondikar, N., Crawford, K., Neu, S., Kopil, C.M., Daeschler, M., Riley, L., Brown, E., Toga, A.W., & Tanner, C. (2020). Fox Insight collects online, longitudinal patient-reported outcomes and genetic data on Parkinson\u2019s disease. Scientific Data, 7(1), Article 67. 10.1038\/s41597-020-0401-2"},{"key":"r55","series-title":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.11.015","article-title":"Cognitive impairment and sedentary behavior predict health-related attrition in a prospective longitudinal Parkinson\u2019s disease study","volume":"82","author":"Sulzer, P.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sulzer, P., Gr\u00e4ber, S., Schaeffer, E., van Lummel, R., Berg, D., Maetzler, W., & Liepelt-Scarfone, I. (2021). Cognitive impairment and sedentary behavior predict health-related attrition in a prospective longitudinal Parkinson\u2019s disease study. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 82, 37\u201343. 10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.11.015"},{"issue":"8","key":"r56","series-title":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.05.007","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the PDQ-39 and the PDQ-8 in English-speaking Parkinson\u2019s disease patients in Singapore","volume":"10","author":"Tan, L.C.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tan, L.C., Luo, N., Nazri, M., Li, S.C., & Thumboo, J. (2004). Validity and reliability of the PDQ-39 and the PDQ-8 in English-speaking Parkinson\u2019s disease patients in Singapore. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 10(8), 493\u2013499. 10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.05.007"},{"issue":"1","key":"r57","series-title":"JAMA Oncology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2015.3924","article-title":"Patient income level and cancer clinical trial participation: A prospective survey study","volume":"2","author":"Unger, J.M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Unger, J.M., Gralow, J.R., Albain, K.S., Ramsey, S.D., & Hershman, D.L. (2016). Patient income level and cancer clinical trial participation: A prospective survey study. JAMA Oncology, 2(1), 137\u2013139. 10.1001\/jamaoncol.2015.3924"},{"key":"r58","series-title":"Clinical Interventions in Aging,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2147\/cia.S231359","article-title":"Progressive resistance training improves bradykinesia, motor symptoms and functional performance in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Vieira de Moraes Filho, A.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vieira de Moraes Filho, A., Chaves, S.N., Martins, W.R., Tolentino, G.P., de C\u00e1ssia Pereira Pinto Homem, R., Landim de Farias, G., Fischer, B.L., Oliveira, J.A., Pereira, S.K.A., Vidal, S.E., Mota, M.R., Moreno Lima, R., & Jac\u00f3 de Oliveira, R. (2020). Progressive resistance training improves bradykinesia, motor symptoms and functional performance in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 15, 87\u201395. 10.2147\/cia.S231359"},{"issue":"7","key":"r59","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/s0895-4356(99)00049-9","article-title":"The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): Evidence for validity","volume":"52","author":"Washburn, R.A.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Washburn, R.A., McAuley, E., Katula, J., Mihalko, S.L., & Boileau, R.A. (1999). The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): Evidence for validity. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 52(7), 643\u2013651. 10.1016\/s0895-4356(99)00049-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"r60","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90053-4","article-title":"The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): Development and evaluation","volume":"46","author":"Washburn, R.A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Washburn, R.A., Smith, K.W., Jette, A.M., & Janney, C.A. (1993). The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): Development and evaluation. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 46(2), 153\u2013162. 10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90053-4"},{"issue":"9","key":"r61","series-title":"Neurology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31822c9123","article-title":"Neurologist care in Parkinson disease: A utilization, outcomes, and survival study","volume":"77","author":"Willis, A.W.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Willis, A.W., Schootman, M., Evanoff, B.A., Perlmutter, J.S., & Racette, B.A. (2011). Neurologist care in Parkinson disease: A utilization, outcomes, and survival study. Neurology, 77(9), 851\u2013857. 10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31822c9123"},{"issue":"1","key":"r62","series-title":"Scientific Reports,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30843-6","article-title":"Self-report data as a tool for subtype identification in genetically-defined Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Winslow, A.R.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Winslow, A.R., Hyde, C.L., Wilk, J.B., Eriksson, N., Cannon, P., Miller, M.R., & Hirst, W.D. (2018). Self-report data as a tool for subtype identification in genetically-defined Parkinson\u2019s disease. Scientific Reports, 8(1), Article 12992. 10.1038\/s41598-018-30843-6"}],"container-title":["Journal of Aging and Physical Activity"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/japa\/33\/6\/article-p583.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/japa\/33\/6\/article-p583.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/japa\/33\/6\/article-p583.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T01:02:37Z","timestamp":1763427757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/japa\/33\/6\/article-p583.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/japa.2024-0252","relation":{},"ISSN":["1063-8652","1543-267X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1063-8652","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-267X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}}}