{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T04:24:15Z","timestamp":1751430255828,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Background<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Despite the widespread use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) particularly among gym-goers, the prevalence, motivations, and associated factors of PED use in Saudi Arabia remain under-researched. This study aims to explore the demographic characteristics, knowledge, and use of PEDs among gym-goers in Saudi Arabia to inform targeted interventions and promote safe practices. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Method<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> This cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 903 gym-goers in Saudi Arabia. Participants were selected through a combination of convenience and purposive sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire assessing demographic characteristics, gym visitation habits, and knowledge and use of PEDs. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic>: The study found that the mean age of participants was 27.19\u00a0years (SD\u2009=\u20097.8). Among participants, 21.5% were current users of PEDs, and 10.3% had used them in the past. The prevalence of PED use was strongly associated with frequent gym visits (3 times a week: adjusted odds ratio\u2009=\u20093.574, 95% CI, 2.277\u20135.611, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001; 4 or more times a week: adjusted odds ratio\u2009=\u20093.645, 95% CI, 2.2\u20136.037, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). In addition, 72.13% of PED users believed that PED use should be allowed in bodybuilding competitions, and 83.97% were willing to participate in drug testing programs. Around 64.3% of participants were aware of PEDs, with higher awareness significantly associated with educational attainment and frequent gym visits. However, other demographic factors such as gender, age, and employment status were not significant predictors in the adjusted analysis. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> The study reveals a decent prevalence of PED awareness and use among gym-goers in Saudi Arabia, particularly among those with higher educational levels and frequent gym visitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2024-0841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T17:51:24Z","timestamp":1745430684000},"page":"837-845","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Patterns and Determinants of Performance-Enhancing Drug Use Among Gym-Goers in Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6651-2306","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Khalid Mubarak","family":"Orayj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz Ali","family":"Asiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asim Abdullah","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faisal Abdulaziz","family":"Alshareef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nawaf Mohammed","family":"Nasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alanoud Abdulrahman","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wajn Mohammed","family":"Aldaghar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Musab Abdulhadi","family":"Ghanem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Musaad Hasan","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sajwa Abdullah","family":"Alfifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0688-2625","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Azfar Athar","family":"Ishaqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"r1","series-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30345-1","article-title":"A call for public policy and research to reduce use of appearance and performance enhancing drugs and substances among adolescents","volume":"4","author":"Ganson KT","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ganson KT, Murray SB, Nagata JM. 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