{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T16:02:44Z","timestamp":1784649764953,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Background<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Regular physical activity (PA) benefits mental health, but most research focuses on Western and affluent populations, limiting generalizability. This study explored how PA\u2019s effects on mental health vary by household income in Korean adults.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Data from 8235 participants (55.2% female; mean age\u2009=\u200963.35 [15.20]\u00a0y) in the Korea Health Panel Study II (2019\u20132020) were analyzed. PA (regular vs irregular) and household income (low, middle, and high) were assessed in 2019, and mental health outcomes (stress, depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts) were measured in 2020. Multinomial logistic regression and interaction analyses examined associations between PA, income, and mental health outcomes, controlling for covariates.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Regular PA reduced odds of high stress across income groups: low income (odds ratios [OR]\u2009=\u20090.61, 95% CI, 0.51\u20130.73), middle income (OR\u2009=\u20090.78, 95% CI, 0.66\u20130.93), and high income (OR\u2009=\u20090.64, 95% CI, 0.55\u20130.76). Regular PA also lowered odds of anxiety (OR\u2009=\u20090.64, 95% CI, 0.42\u20130.98) and depression (OR\u2009=\u20090.61, 95% CI, 0.44\u20130.85) in high-income groups. High-income participants showed reduced odds of suicidal thoughts (OR\u2009=\u20090.65, 95% CI, 0.43\u20130.98). Significant interactions between PA and income were observed for all outcomes (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001).\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Regular PA and higher income independently and interactively reduce adverse mental health outcomes. Promoting PA and addressing income disparities are essential for effective mental health interventions and policies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2025-0019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T17:47:13Z","timestamp":1773856033000},"page":"1150-1158","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Income as a Moderator of Physical Activity\u2019s Impact on Mental Health: Insights From the Korean Health Panel Study II"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0900-5751","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"In-Whi","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5362-075X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hae-Young","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7265-3364","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dongwoo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Regional Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5778-3227","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Harold H.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8033-0725","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jung-Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"Span J Psychol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/sjp.2014.15","article-title":"Suicidal ideation, depression and quality of life in the elderly: study in a gerontopsychiatric consultation","volume":"17","author":"Ponte C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ponte C, Almeida V, Fernandes L. 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