{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:46:44Z","timestamp":1776300404094,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Background<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    This study aims to elucidate the causal effect of physical activity (PA) at different times of day on the risk of cardiovascular diseases, including subtypes of stroke, heart failure, atherosclerosis (AS), myocardial infarction, hypertension, and peripheral artery disease.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Two-sample univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization were conducted. Genetic instruments for total PA and PA across twelve 2-hour intervals were derived from UK Biobank. Summary-level data for outcomes were obtained from large consortia. We estimated causal effects using inverse variance weighted, MR-Egger, and weighted median methods. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    : Multivariable Mendelian randomization revealed independent protective effects of PA during 6\u00a0AM to 8\u00a0AM, 10\u00a0AM to 12\u00a0PM, and 4\u00a0PM to 6\u00a0PM on total and ischemic stroke. In contrast, the effect in protecting total, ischemic and large artery stroke were detected for PA during 6\u00a0PM to 8\u00a0PM in univariable MR. PA during 2\u00a0AM to 4\u00a0AM and 10\u00a0AM to 12\u00a0PM had directly protective effect of total AS, and PA during 2\u00a0PM to 4\u00a0PM for coronary AS, while univariable MR results indicated PA during 8\u00a0PM to 10\u00a0PM and 6\u00a0PM to 8\u00a0PM decreased the risk of cerebral and coronary AS, respectively. PA during 2\u00a0PM to 4\u00a0PM exhibited a total but not a direct effect of reducing risk of total and essential hypertension. No robust causal associations were observed for heart failure, myocardial infarction, or peripheral artery disease.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    This study provides evidence that PA during specific periods is causally associated with the risk of stroke, AS, and hypertension. These findings suggest that the timing of PA should be considered for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2025-0145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T06:35:27Z","timestamp":1768372527000},"page":"676-687","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unlocking the Clock: Optimal Physical Activity Timing for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6261-9827","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yujia","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Education, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, JS, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Training, Sichuan Sports College, Chengdu, SC, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7901-1150","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guowei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, JS, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Library of Jingwen, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, JS, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Education, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, JS, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenru","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Education, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, JS, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zilin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Education, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, JS, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1288-040X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yifeng","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Education, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, JS, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"r1","series-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.03.528","article-title":"The effectiveness of pharmacist interventions on cardiovascular risk: the multicenter randomized controlled RxEACH trial","volume":"67","author":"Tsuyuki RT","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tsuyuki RT, Al Hamarneh YN, Jones CA, Hemmelgarn BR. 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