{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T12:01:58Z","timestamp":1769083318099,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Background<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    The COVID-19 pandemic significantly altered the social and physical environments for sport, exercise, and physical activity (SEPA) participation. However, limited research has examined how patterns of activity co-occurrence have changed across demographic groups. This study aimed to explore shifts in SEPA participation before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic, with a specific focus on identifying co-occurrence patterns by sex and age group.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Data were drawn from the 2019, 2021, and 2023 waves of the Korean National Sports Survey (N\u2009=\u20096609). Respondents who reported participating in 2 or more types of SEPA were included. Association rule mining was applied using the Apriori algorithm to identify coparticipation patterns. Rules were filtered using thresholds of support\u2009\u2265\u20090.01, confidence\u2009\u2265\u20090.50, and lift\u2009\u2265\u20091.00.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Co-occurrence patterns of SEPA participation changed notably across the prepandemic, pandemic, and postpandemic periods. In 2019, team sports such as basketball, soccer\/futsal, and swimming showed strong co-occurrence. During the pandemic years, walking, hiking, and gymnastics became central activities. Men were more likely to engage in vigorous, competitive combinations, whereas women participated more in accessible, low-impact combinations. Younger adults exhibited the greatest shifts toward individual activities, whereas middle-aged and older adults maintained stable co-occurrence patterns centered around walking, gymnastics, and gateball.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    This study revealed substantial shifts in SEPA co-occurrence patterns associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings highlight the need for promoting flexible, multiactivity strategies that are responsive to demographic differences and adaptive to external environmental changes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2025-0326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T10:39:04Z","timestamp":1761647944000},"page":"245-253","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring Sport, Exercise, and Physical Activity Participation Patterns Using Association Rule Mining"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1583-2592","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sang-Eun","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7019-5139","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sian","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9225-1004","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Minsoo","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"r1","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010207","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors and physical activity for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in the elderly","volume":"19","author":"Cium\u0103rnean L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cium\u0103rnean L, Milaciu MV, Negrean V, et\u00a0al. 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