{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T17:09:42Z","timestamp":1778864982526,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"\n \n Background<\/jats:bold>\n :\n <\/jats:italic>\n Student engagement and effort in physical education (PE) can influence long-term physical fitness development. This study examined whether self-reported effort in PE (ePE) predicts changes in physical fitness among English secondary school students.\n \n Methods<\/jats:bold>\n :\n <\/jats:italic>\n A 4-year longitudinal study involved 1422 adolescents from 9 public schools in the East of England. Assessments took place at years 7, 9, and 11 (year 7\u2009=\u200912 [0.5]\u00a0y), measuring aerobic fitness, muscular strength, and muscular power. ePE was self-reported using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents. Latent growth curve models examined changes in fitness over time, and whether these associations were modified by sex, body mass index (BMI), or socioeconomic status (via Index of Multiple Deprivation).\n \n Results<\/jats:bold>\n :\n <\/jats:italic>\n Girls had lower baseline fitness and smaller gains over the 4-year period than boys across aerobic fitness, muscular power, and muscular strength. Higher baseline BMI and living in a disadvantaged area were associated with lower initial fitness, and changes in BMI influenced longitudinal changes in fitness. Baseline ePE positively predicted all baseline fitness measures, with aerobic fitness showing the strongest association. Change in ePE over time was the strongest predictor of improvements across all fitness components.\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\n :\n <\/jats:italic>\n Effort in PE classes supports long-term fitness development. Interventions that encourage students to be active and engaged in PE may benefit all adolescents, especially girls and those with higher BMI or from disadvantaged areas. These findings highlight the value of promoting effortful participation in PE to enhance adolescent health and physical fitness.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2025-0576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T17:37:38Z","timestamp":1771349858000},"page":"894-902","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Four-Year Longitudinal Associations Between Effort in Physical Education Classes and Fitness Outcomes in UK Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9955-4497","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sally","family":"Waterworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3871-3842","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chris","family":"McManus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3285-2892","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Henry","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5385-4144","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ben","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5336-1721","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Osama","family":"Aljuhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5347-4611","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patrick","family":"Schoenmakers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"r1","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01425.x","article-title":"Contribution of physical education to overall physical activity","volume":"23","author":"Meyer U","year":"2013","unstructured":"Meyer U, Roth R, Zahner L, et\u00a0al. Contribution of physical education to overall physical activity. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013;23(5):600\u2013606. doi:10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01425.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"r2","series-title":"J Sch Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2012.00691.x","article-title":"Physical activity energy expenditure in Dutch adolescents: contribution of active transport to school, physical education, and leisure time activities","volume":"82","author":"Slingerland M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Slingerland M, Borghouts LB, Hesselink MKC. Physical activity energy expenditure in Dutch adolescents: contribution of active transport to school, physical education, and leisure time activities. J Sch Health. 2012;82(5):225\u2013232. doi:10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2012.00691.x"},{"issue":"13","key":"r3","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16132397","article-title":"Contribution of physical education to the daily physical activity of schoolchildren in Saudi Arabia","volume":"16","author":"Aljuhani O","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aljuhani O, Sandercock G. Contribution of physical education to the daily physical activity of schoolchildren in Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(13):2397. doi:10.3390\/ijerph16132397"},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Prev Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2015.11.018","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels in elementary school physical education lessons","volume":"86","author":"Hollis JL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hollis JL, Williams AJ, Sutherland R, et\u00a0al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels in elementary school physical education lessons. Prev Med. 2016;86:34\u201354. PubMed ID: 26592691 doi:10.1016\/j.ypmed.2015.11.018"},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Biomed Res Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4563484","article-title":"Correlates of physical activity of students in secondary school physical education: a systematic review of literature","volume":"2019","author":"Zhou Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Wang L. Correlates of physical activity of students in secondary school physical education: a systematic review of literature. Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019:4563484. doi:10.1155\/2019\/4563484"},{"issue":"11","key":"r6","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12740","article-title":"Is physical education an effective way to increase physical activity in children with lower cardiorespiratory fitness?","volume":"27","author":"Calahorro-Ca\u00f1ada F","year":"2017","unstructured":"Calahorro-Ca\u00f1ada F, Torres-Luque G, L\u00f3pez-Fern\u00e1ndez I, Carnero EA. Is physical education an effective way to increase physical activity in children with lower cardiorespiratory fitness? Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2017;27(11):1417\u20131422. PubMed ID: 27466085 doi:10.1111\/sms.12740"},{"issue":"18","key":"r7","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186852","article-title":"Promoting health-related cardiorespiratory fitness in physical education: the role of class intensity and habitual physical activity","volume":"17","author":"Peralta M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peralta M, Santos DA, Henriques-Neto D, Ferrari G, Sarmento H, Marques A. Promoting health-related cardiorespiratory fitness in physical education: the role of class intensity and habitual physical activity. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):6852. doi:10.3390\/ijerph17186852"},{"issue":"1","key":"r8","series-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-01060-0","article-title":"The effect of a school-based intervention on physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength: the school in motion cluster randomized trial","volume":"17","author":"Kolle E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kolle E, Solberg RB, S\u00e4fvenbom R, et\u00a0al. The effect of a school-based intervention on physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength: the school in motion cluster randomized trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17(1):154. doi:10.1186\/s12966-020-01060-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"r9","series-title":"Eur Phy Educ Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X15599010","article-title":"Effects of a physical education-based programme on health-related physical fitness and its maintenance in high school students: a cluster-randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Mayorga-Vega D","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mayorga-Vega D, Montoro-Esca\u00f1o J, Merino-Marban R, Viciana J. Effects of a physical education-based programme on health-related physical fitness and its maintenance in high school students: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Eur Phy Educ Rev. 2015;22(2):243\u2013259. doi:10.1177\/1356336X15599010"},{"issue":"2","key":"r10","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087929","article-title":"Long-term effect of a school-based physical activity program (KISS) on fitness and adiposity in children: a cluster-randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Meyer U","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meyer U, Schindler C, Zahner L, et\u00a0al. Long-term effect of a school-based physical activity program (KISS) on fitness and adiposity in children: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e87929. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0087929"},{"issue":"1","key":"r11","series-title":"Sports Med Open","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-018-0129-0","article-title":"The effect of a school-based intervention on physical activity and well-being: a non-randomised controlled trial with children of low socio-economic status","volume":"4","author":"Shannon S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shannon S, Brennan D, Hanna D, Younger Z, Hassan J, Breslin G. The effect of a school-based intervention on physical activity and well-being: a non-randomised controlled trial with children of low socio-economic status. Sports Med Open. 2018;4(1):16. doi:10.1186\/s40798-018-0129-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"r12","series-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-7-40","article-title":"Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth","volume":"7","author":"Janssen I","year":"2010","unstructured":"Janssen I, LeBlanc AG. Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010;7(1):40. doi:10.1186\/1479-5868-7-40"},{"issue":"5","key":"r13","series-title":"J Sci Med Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.09.595","article-title":"Effects of physical activity on executive functions, attention and academic performance in preadolescent children: a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"de Greeff JW","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Greeff JW, Bosker RJ, Oosterlaan J, Visscher C, Hartman E. Effects of physical activity on executive functions, attention and academic performance in preadolescent children: a meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21(5):501\u2013507. PubMed ID: 29054748 doi:10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.09.595"},{"issue":"4","key":"r14","series-title":"Motriz Rev Educ Fis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1590\/s1980-6574201600040022","article-title":"An after-school, high-intensity, interval physical activity programme improves health-related fitness in children","volume":"22","author":"Mart\u00ednez SR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez SR, R\u00edos LJC, Tamayo IM, Almeida LG, L\u00f3pez-Gomez MA, Jara CC. An after-school, high-intensity, interval physical activity programme improves health-related fitness in children. Motriz Rev Educ Fis. 2016;22(4):359\u2013367. doi:10.1590\/s1980-6574201600040022"},{"issue":"9","key":"r15","series-title":"J Phys Act Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2015-0596","article-title":"Associations between objectively assessed components of physical activity and health-related fitness in 10- to 14-year-old children","volume":"13","author":"De Baere S","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Baere S, Philippaerts R, De Martelaer K, Lefevre J. Associations between objectively assessed components of physical activity and health-related fitness in 10- to 14-year-old children. J Phys Act Health. 2016;13(9):993\u20131001. PubMed ID: 27169461 doi:10.1123\/jpah.2015-0596"},{"issue":"1","key":"r16","series-title":"Int J Obes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803774","article-title":"Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health","volume":"32","author":"Ortega FB","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, Castillo MJ, Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m M. Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health. Int J Obes. 2008;32(1):1\u201311. doi:10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803774"},{"issue":"6","key":"r17","series-title":"Sao Paulo Med J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-3180.2017.0111260617","article-title":"Engagement in physical education classes and health among young people: does sports practice matter? A cross-sectional study","volume":"135","author":"Coledam DHC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Coledam DHC, Ferraiol PF. Engagement in physical education classes and health among young people: does sports practice matter? A cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J. 2017;135(6):548\u2013555. PubMed ID: 29166432 doi:10.1590\/1516-3180.2017.0111260617"},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S74","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2015.1043229","article-title":"Associations between attitudes toward physical education and aerobic capacity in Hungarian high school students","volume":"86","author":"Kaj M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaj M, Saint-Maurice PF, Karsai I, et\u00a0al. Associations between attitudes toward physical education and aerobic capacity in Hungarian high school students. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2015;86:S74\u2013S81. PubMed ID: 26054959 doi:10.1080\/02701367.2015.1043229"},{"issue":"1","key":"r19","series-title":"BMC Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5176-4","article-title":"Effects of cardiorespiratory fitness and weight status on knowledge of physical activity and fitness, attitude toward physical education, and physical activity","volume":"18","author":"Chen S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen S, Gu X. Effects of cardiorespiratory fitness and weight status on knowledge of physical activity and fitness, attitude toward physical education, and physical activity. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):273. doi:10.1186\/s12889-018-5176-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"r20","series-title":"J Sch Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.12217","article-title":"Effects of daily physical education on physical fitness and weight status in middle school adolescents","volume":"85","author":"Erfle SE","year":"2015","unstructured":"Erfle SE, Gamble A. Effects of daily physical education on physical fitness and weight status in middle school adolescents. J Sch Health. 2015;85(1):27\u201335. PubMed ID: 25440450 doi:10.1111\/josh.12217"},{"issue":"7","key":"r21","series-title":"J Sch Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2011.00609.x","article-title":"The influence of body mass index on long-term fitness from physical education in adolescent girls","volume":"81","author":"Camhi SM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Camhi SM, Phillips J, Young DR. The influence of body mass index on long-term fitness from physical education in adolescent girls. J Sch Health. 2011;81(7):409\u2013416. doi:10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2011.00609.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"r22","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01394-6","article-title":"Temporal trends in the standing broad jump performance of 10,940,801 children and adolescents between 1960 and 2017","volume":"51","author":"Tomkinson GR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tomkinson GR, Kaster T, Dooley FL, et\u00a0al. Temporal trends in the standing broad jump performance of 10,940,801 children and adolescents between 1960 and 2017. Sports Med. 2021;51(3):531\u2013548. PubMed ID: 33368030 doi:10.1007\/s40279-020-01394-6"},{"issue":"8","key":"r23","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097982","article-title":"Temporal trends in the cardiorespiratory fitness of children and adolescents representing 19 high-income and upper middle-income countries between 1981 and 2014","volume":"53","author":"Tomkinson GR","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tomkinson GR, Lang JJ, Tremblay MS. Temporal trends in the cardiorespiratory fitness of children and adolescents representing 19 high-income and upper middle-income countries between 1981 and 2014. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53(8):478\u2013486. PubMed ID: 29084727 doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097982"},{"issue":"6","key":"r24","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01265-0","article-title":"A Systematic analysis of temporal trends in the handgrip strength of 2,216,320 children and adolescents between 1967 and 2017","volume":"50","author":"Dooley FL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dooley FL, Kaster T, Fitzgerald JS, et\u00a0al. A Systematic analysis of temporal trends in the handgrip strength of 2,216,320 children and adolescents between 1967 and 2017. Sports Med. 2020;50(6):1129\u20131144. PubMed ID: 32026238 doi:10.1007\/s40279-020-01265-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"r25","series-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2021-001165","article-title":"Declining fitness and physical education lessons in UK adolescents","volume":"8","author":"Weedon BD","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weedon BD, Liu F, Mahmoud W, et\u00a0al. Declining fitness and physical education lessons in UK adolescents. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2022;8(1):e001165. doi:10.1136\/bmjsem-2021-001165"},{"issue":"2","key":"r26","series-title":"Nutr Hosp","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3305\/nh.2010.25.2.4596","article-title":"Socioeconomic status influences physical fitness in European adolescents independently of body fat and physical activity: the Helena study","volume":"25","author":"Pav\u00f3n DJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pav\u00f3n DJ, Ortega FP, Ruiz JR, et\u00a0al. Socioeconomic status influences physical fitness in European adolescents independently of body fat and physical activity: the Helena study. Nutr Hosp. 2010;25(2):311\u2013316. doi:10.3305\/nh.2010.25.2.4596"},{"issue":"1","key":"r27","series-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness","first-page":"48","article-title":"Age- and sex-dependent disparity in physical fitness between obese and normal weight children and adolescents","volume":"53","author":"Woll A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Woll A, Worth A, M\u00fcndermann A, H\u00f6lling H, Jekauc D, B\u00f6s K. Age- and sex-dependent disparity in physical fitness between obese and normal weight children and adolescents. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2013;53(1):48\u201355. PubMed ID: 23470911"},{"key":"r28","series-title":"UK Data Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5255\/UKDA-SN-7456-1","article-title":"East of England healthy hearts study: cross-sectional data, 2006\u20132011","author":"Sandercock G","unstructured":"Sandercock G. East of England healthy hearts study: cross-sectional data, 2006\u20132011. UK Data Service. SN: 7456. doi:10.5255\/UKDA-SN-7456-1"},{"issue":"4","key":"r29","series-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.9.4.342","article-title":"Convergent validity of the physical activity questionnaire for adolescents","volume":"9","author":"Kowalski KC","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kowalski KC, Crocker PRE, Kowalski NP. Convergent validity of the physical activity questionnaire for adolescents. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 1997;9(4):342\u2013352. doi:10.1123\/pes.9.4.342"},{"issue":"4","key":"r30","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181620ed1","article-title":"Measuring activity in children and adolescents using self-report: PAQ-C and PAQ-A","volume":"40","author":"Janz KF","year":"2008","unstructured":"Janz KF, Lutuchy EM, Wenthe P, Levy SM. Measuring activity in children and adolescents using self-report: PAQ-C and PAQ-A. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(4):767\u2013772. PubMed ID: 18317366 doi:10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181620ed1"},{"issue":"4","key":"r31","series-title":"Pediatr Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.12092","article-title":"Physical activity questionnaire for children and adolescents: English norms and cut-off points","volume":"55","author":"Voss C","year":"2013","unstructured":"Voss C, Ogunleye AA, Sandercock GRH. Physical activity questionnaire for children and adolescents: English norms and cut-off points. Pediatr Int. 2013;55(4):498\u2013507. PubMed ID: 23461812 doi:10.1111\/ped.12092"},{"key":"r32","series-title":"Fitnessgram and Activitygram Test Administration Manual-Updated","author":"Meredith MD","unstructured":"Meredith MD, Welk G. Fitnessgram and Activitygram Test Administration Manual-Updated (4th ed.). Human Kinetics."},{"issue":"3","key":"r33","series-title":"Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/1091367X.2018.1427590","article-title":"Estimation of aerobic fitness from PACER performance with and without body mass index","volume":"22","author":"Mahar MT","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mahar MT, Welk GJ, Rowe DA. Estimation of aerobic fitness from PACER performance with and without body mass index. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci. 2018;22(3):239\u2013249. doi:10.1080\/1091367X.2018.1427590"},{"issue":"8","key":"r34","series-title":"J Sports Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1080\/02640411003770212","article-title":"Vertical jumping and leg power normative data for English school children aged 10-15\u00a0years","volume":"28","author":"Taylor MJD","year":"2010","unstructured":"Taylor MJD, Cohen D, Voss C, Sandercock GRH. Vertical jumping and leg power normative data for English school children aged 10-15\u00a0years. J Sports Sci. 2010;28(8):867\u2013872. PubMed ID: 20496221 doi:10.1080\/02640411003770212"},{"issue":"8","key":"r35","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000864","article-title":"Reliability and validity of tests to assess lower-body muscular power in children","volume":"29","author":"Fernandez-Santos JR","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fernandez-Santos JR, Ruiz JR, Cohen DD, Gonzalez-Montesinos JL, Castro-Pi\u00f1ero J. Reliability and validity of tests to assess lower-body muscular power in children. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29(8):2277\u20132285. PubMed ID: 25647647 doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000864"},{"issue":"3","key":"r36","series-title":"Int J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1268488","article-title":"Reliability of field-based fitness tests in youth","volume":"32","author":"Artero EG","year":"2011","unstructured":"Artero EG, Espaa-Romero V, Castro-Piero J, et\u00a0al. Reliability of field-based fitness tests in youth. Int J Sports Med. 2011;32(3):159\u2013169. PubMed ID: 21165805 doi:10.1055\/s-0030-1268488"},{"key":"r37","article-title":"Accredited official statistics\u2014English indices of deprivation","unstructured":"Ministry of Housing Communities & Local Government. Accredited official statistics\u2014English indices of deprivation. 2015. Accessed October 9, 2022. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/english-indices-of-deprivation-2015"},{"issue":"10062","key":"r38","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30388-9","article-title":"Guidelines for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting: the GATHER statement","volume":"388","author":"Stevens GA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stevens GA, Alkema L, Black RE, et\u00a0al. Guidelines for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting: the GATHER statement. Lancet. 2016;388(10062):e19\u2013e23. PubMed ID: 27371184 doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30388-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"r39","series-title":"J Pediatr Psychol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jst085","article-title":"An introduction to latent variable mixture modeling (Part 2): longitudinal latent class growth analysis and growth mixture models","volume":"39","author":"Berlin KS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berlin KS, Parra GR, Williams NA. An introduction to latent variable mixture modeling (Part 2): longitudinal latent class growth analysis and growth mixture models. J Pediatr Psychol. 2014;39(2):188\u2013203. PubMed ID: 24277770 doi:10.1093\/jpepsy\/jst085"},{"issue":"2","key":"r40","series-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2005.10599279","article-title":"An introduction to latent growth model: analysis of repeated measures physical performance data","volume":"76","author":"Park I","year":"2005","unstructured":"Park I, Schutz RW. An introduction to latent growth model: analysis of repeated measures physical performance data. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2005;76(2):176\u2013192. PubMed ID: 16128485 doi:10.1080\/02701367.2005.10599279"},{"issue":"3","key":"r41","series-title":"Struct Equ Modeling","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0803_5","article-title":"The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models","volume":"8","author":"Enders CK","year":"2001","unstructured":"Enders CK, Bandalos DL. The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models. Struct Equ Modeling. 2001;8(3):430\u2013457. doi:10.1207\/S15328007SEM0803_5"},{"issue":"1","key":"r42","series-title":"Struct Equ Modeling","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu LT","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hu LT, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling. 1999;6(1):1\u201355. doi:10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"issue":"2","key":"r43","series-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2019.1603772","article-title":"Associations among physical education, activity-related healthy lifestyle practices, and cardiorespiratory fitness of Chinese youth","volume":"90","author":"Li Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li Y, Wang S, Yu Y, et\u00a0al. Associations among physical education, activity-related healthy lifestyle practices, and cardiorespiratory fitness of Chinese youth. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2019;90(2):123\u2013132. PubMed ID: 31045485 doi:10.1080\/02701367.2019.1603772"},{"issue":"5","key":"r44","series-title":"Int J Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-016-0811-2","article-title":"Determinant factors of physical fitness in European children","volume":"61","author":"Zaqout M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zaqout M, Vyncke K, Moreno LA, et\u00a0al. Determinant factors of physical fitness in European children. Int J Public Health. 2016;61(5):573\u2013582. PubMed ID: 27042830 doi:10.1007\/s00038-016-0811-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"r45","series-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-199401000-00016","article-title":"Assessment and interpretation of aerobic fitness in children and adolescents","volume":"22","author":"Armstrong N","year":"1994","unstructured":"Armstrong N, Welsman JR. Assessment and interpretation of aerobic fitness in children and adolescents. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1994;22(1):435\u2013476. doi:10.1249\/00003677-199401000-00016"},{"issue":"1","key":"r46","series-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2022.2148623","article-title":"Youth sport participation trends across Europe: implications for policy and practice","volume":"95","author":"Emmonds S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Emmonds S, Till K, Weaving D, Burton A, Lara-Bercial S. Youth sport participation trends across Europe: implications for policy and practice. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2024;95(1):69\u201380. PubMed ID: 36697376 doi:10.1080\/02701367.2022.2148623"},{"issue":"10","key":"r47","series-title":"Health Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.25318\/82-003-x201901000001-eng","article-title":"Trends in physical fitness among Canadian children and youth","volume":"30","author":"Colley RC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Colley RC, Clarke J, Doyon CY, et\u00a0al. Trends in physical fitness among Canadian children and youth. Health Rep. 2019;30(10):3\u201313. PubMed ID: 31617932 doi:10.25318\/82-003-x201901000001-eng"},{"issue":"12","key":"r48","series-title":"J Sci Med Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.07.013","article-title":"Drivers of adolescent adiposity: evidence from the Australian LOOK study","volume":"22","author":"Telford RD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Telford RD, Telford RM, Martin MK, Welvaert M. Drivers of adolescent adiposity: evidence from the Australian LOOK study. J Sci Med Sport. 2019;22(12):1330\u20131334. PubMed ID: 31445949 doi:10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.07.013"},{"issue":"10","key":"r49","series-title":"BMJ Open","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-036991","article-title":"Association between objectively measured physical activity and longitudinal changes in body composition in adolescents: the Troms\u00f8 study fit futures cohort","volume":"10","author":"Aars NA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aars NA, Beldo S, Jacobsen BK, et\u00a0al. Association between objectively measured physical activity and longitudinal changes in body composition in adolescents: the Troms\u00f8 study fit futures cohort. BMJ Open. 2020;10(10):e036991. doi:10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-036991"},{"issue":"6","key":"r50","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01089-7","article-title":"Behavioral correlates of muscular fitness in children and adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"49","author":"Smith JJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smith JJ, Eather N, Weaver RG, Riley N, Beets MW, Lubans DR. Behavioral correlates of muscular fitness in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2019;49(6):887\u2013904. PubMed ID: 30864143 doi:10.1007\/s40279-019-01089-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"r51","series-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2016-0239","article-title":"Behavior tracking and 3-year longitudinal associations between physical activity, screen time, and fitness among young children","volume":"30","author":"Potter M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Potter M, Spence JC, Boul\u00e9 N, Stearns JA, Carson V. Behavior tracking and 3-year longitudinal associations between physical activity, screen time, and fitness among young children. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2018;30(1):132\u2013141. PubMed ID: 28605306 doi:10.1123\/pes.2016-0239"},{"issue":"4","key":"r52","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0932-2","article-title":"Effects of a daily school based physical activity intervention program on muscle development in prepubertal girls","volume":"105","author":"Stenevi-Lundgren S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stenevi-Lundgren S, Daly RM, Lind\u00e9n C, G\u00e4rdsell P, Karlsson MK. Effects of a daily school based physical activity intervention program on muscle development in prepubertal girls. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009;105(4):533\u2013541. PubMed ID: 19018558 doi:10.1007\/s00421-008-0932-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"r53","series-title":"Am J Hum Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20466","article-title":"Longitudinal follow-up of fitness during childhood: interaction with physical activity","volume":"18","author":"Baquet G","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baquet G, Twisk JWR, Kemper HCG, Van Praagh E, Berthoin S. Longitudinal follow-up of fitness during childhood: interaction with physical activity. Am J Hum Biol. 2006;18(1):51\u201358. PubMed ID: 16378341 doi:10.1002\/ajhb.20466"},{"issue":"3","key":"r54","series-title":"Eur J Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-009-1010-4","article-title":"Is grip strength a predictor for total muscle strength in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults?","volume":"169","author":"Wind AE","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wind AE, Takken T, Helders PJM, Engelbert RHH. Is grip strength a predictor for total muscle strength in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults? Eur J Pediatr. 2010;169(3):281\u2013287. PubMed ID: 19526369 doi:10.1007\/s00431-009-1010-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"r55","series-title":"Eur J Sport Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2014.987321","article-title":"Associations between showering behaviours following physical education, physical activity and fitness in English schoolchildren","volume":"16","author":"Sandercock GRH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sandercock GRH, Ogunleye A, Voss C. Associations between showering behaviours following physical education, physical activity and fitness in English schoolchildren. Eur J Sport Sci. 2016;16(1);128\u2013134. PubMed ID: 25506624 doi:10.1080\/17461391.2014.987321"},{"issue":"1","key":"r56","series-title":"BMC Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-764","article-title":"Factors associated with low fitness in adolescents\u2014a mixed methods study","volume":"14","author":"Charlton R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Charlton R, Gravenor MB, Rees A, et\u00a0al. Factors associated with low fitness in adolescents\u2014a mixed methods study. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):764. doi:10.1186\/1471-2458-14-764"},{"issue":"14","key":"r57","series-title":"Int J Prev Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-7802.157666","article-title":"Correlation between aerobic fitness and body composition in middle school students","volume":"5","author":"Minasian V","year":"2014","unstructured":"Minasian V, Marandi SM, Kelishadi R, Abolhassani H. Correlation between aerobic fitness and body composition in middle school students. Int J Prev Med. 2014;5(14):S102\u2013S107. doi:10.4103\/2008-7802.157666"},{"issue":"1","key":"r58","series-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-022-01263-7","article-title":"Fair play? Participation equity in organised sport and physical activity among children and adolescents in high income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Owen KB","year":"2022","unstructured":"Owen KB, Nau T, Reece LJ, et\u00a0al. Fair play? Participation equity in organised sport and physical activity among children and adolescents in high income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2022;19(1):27. doi:10.1186\/s12966-022-01263-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"r59","series-title":"BMC Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-499","article-title":"Effect of living area and sports club participation on physical fitness in children: a 4\u00a0year longitudinal study","volume":"14","author":"Golle K","year":"2014","unstructured":"Golle K, Granacher U, Hoffmann M, Wick D, Muehlbauer T. Effect of living area and sports club participation on physical fitness in children: a 4\u00a0year longitudinal study. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):499. doi:10.1186\/1471-2458-14-499"},{"key":"r60","series-title":"J Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.12.058","article-title":"The relationship between socioeconomic status, family income, and measures of muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness in Colombian schoolchildren","volume":"185","author":"Sandercock GRH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sandercock GRH, Lobelo F, Correa-Bautista JE, et\u00a0al. The relationship between socioeconomic status, family income, and measures of muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness in Colombian schoolchildren. J Pediatr. 2017;185:81\u201387.e2. PubMed ID: 28161198 doi:10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.12.058"},{"issue":"1","key":"r61","series-title":"J Sports Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1679575","article-title":"Factors associated with muscular fitness phenotypes in Australian children: a cross-sectional study","volume":"38","author":"Fraser BJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fraser BJ, Blizzard L, Cleland V, et\u00a0al. Factors associated with muscular fitness phenotypes in Australian children: a cross-sectional study. J Sports Sci. 2020;38(1):38\u201345. PubMed ID: 31613185 doi:10.1080\/02640414.2019.1679575"},{"issue":"1","key":"r62","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Obes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/17477160802315010","article-title":"A comparison of indirect versus direct measures for assessing physical activity in the pediatric population: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Adamo KB","year":"2009","unstructured":"Adamo KB, Prince SA, Tricco AC, Connor-Gorber S, Tremblay M. A comparison of indirect versus direct measures for assessing physical activity in the pediatric population: a systematic review. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2009;4(1):2\u201327. PubMed ID: 18720173 doi:10.1080\/17477160802315010"},{"issue":"1","key":"r63","series-title":"BMC Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3172-0","article-title":"Accelerometry and physical activity questionnaires\u2014a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Skender S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Skender S, Ose J, Chang-Claude J, et\u00a0al. Accelerometry and physical activity questionnaires\u2014a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):515. doi:10.1186\/s12889-016-3172-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"r64","series-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-018-0727-8","article-title":"Strength exercises during physical education classes in secondary schools improve body composition: a cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Ten Hoor GA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ten Hoor GA, Rutten GM, Van Breukelen GJP, et\u00a0al. Strength exercises during physical education classes in secondary schools improve body composition: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2018;15(1):92. doi:10.1186\/s12966-018-0727-8"},{"issue":"8","key":"r65","series-title":"Arch Dis Child","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-311586","article-title":"A community-based motivational personalised lifestyle intervention to reduce BMI in obese adolescents: results from the Healthy Eating and Lifestyle Programme (HELP) randomised controlled trial","volume":"102","author":"Christie D","year":"2017","unstructured":"Christie D, Hudson LD, Kinra S, et\u00a0al. A community-based motivational personalised lifestyle intervention to reduce BMI in obese adolescents: results from the Healthy Eating and Lifestyle Programme (HELP) randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child. 2017;102(8):695\u2013701. PubMed ID: 28687677 doi:10.1136\/archdischild-2016-311586"},{"issue":"5","key":"r1","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01425.x","article-title":"Contribution of physical education to overall physical activity","volume":"23","author":"Meyer U","year":"2013","unstructured":"Meyer U, Roth R, Zahner L, et\u00a0al. Contribution of physical education to overall physical activity. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013;23(5):600\u2013606. doi:10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01425.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"r2","series-title":"J Sch Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2012.00691.x","article-title":"Physical activity energy expenditure in Dutch adolescents: contribution of active transport to school, physical education, and leisure time activities","volume":"82","author":"Slingerland M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Slingerland M, Borghouts LB, Hesselink MKC. Physical activity energy expenditure in Dutch adolescents: contribution of active transport to school, physical education, and leisure time activities. J Sch Health. 2012;82(5):225\u2013232. doi:10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2012.00691.x"},{"issue":"13","key":"r3","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16132397","article-title":"Contribution of physical education to the daily physical activity of schoolchildren in Saudi Arabia","volume":"16","author":"Aljuhani O","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aljuhani O, Sandercock G. Contribution of physical education to the daily physical activity of schoolchildren in Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(13):2397. doi:10.3390\/ijerph16132397"},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Prev Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2015.11.018","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels in elementary school physical education lessons","volume":"86","author":"Hollis JL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hollis JL, Williams AJ, Sutherland R, et\u00a0al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels in elementary school physical education lessons. Prev Med. 2016;86:34\u201354. PubMed ID: 26592691 doi:10.1016\/j.ypmed.2015.11.018"},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Biomed Res Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4563484","article-title":"Correlates of physical activity of students in secondary school physical education: a systematic review of literature","volume":"2019","author":"Zhou Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Wang L. Correlates of physical activity of students in secondary school physical education: a systematic review of literature. Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019:4563484. doi:10.1155\/2019\/4563484"},{"issue":"11","key":"r6","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12740","article-title":"Is physical education an effective way to increase physical activity in children with lower cardiorespiratory fitness?","volume":"27","author":"Calahorro-Ca\u00f1ada F","year":"2017","unstructured":"Calahorro-Ca\u00f1ada F, Torres-Luque G, L\u00f3pez-Fern\u00e1ndez I, Carnero EA. Is physical education an effective way to increase physical activity in children with lower cardiorespiratory fitness? Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2017;27(11):1417\u20131422. PubMed ID: 27466085 doi:10.1111\/sms.12740"},{"issue":"18","key":"r7","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186852","article-title":"Promoting health-related cardiorespiratory fitness in physical education: the role of class intensity and habitual physical activity","volume":"17","author":"Peralta M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peralta M, Santos DA, Henriques-Neto D, Ferrari G, Sarmento H, Marques A. Promoting health-related cardiorespiratory fitness in physical education: the role of class intensity and habitual physical activity. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):6852. doi:10.3390\/ijerph17186852"},{"issue":"1","key":"r8","series-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-01060-0","article-title":"The effect of a school-based intervention on physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength: the school in motion cluster randomized trial","volume":"17","author":"Kolle E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kolle E, Solberg RB, S\u00e4fvenbom R, et\u00a0al. The effect of a school-based intervention on physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength: the school in motion cluster randomized trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17(1):154. doi:10.1186\/s12966-020-01060-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"r9","series-title":"Eur Phy Educ Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X15599010","article-title":"Effects of a physical education-based programme on health-related physical fitness and its maintenance in high school students: a cluster-randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Mayorga-Vega D","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mayorga-Vega D, Montoro-Esca\u00f1o J, Merino-Marban R, Viciana J. Effects of a physical education-based programme on health-related physical fitness and its maintenance in high school students: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Eur Phy Educ Rev. 2015;22(2):243\u2013259. doi:10.1177\/1356336X15599010"},{"issue":"2","key":"r10","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087929","article-title":"Long-term effect of a school-based physical activity program (KISS) on fitness and adiposity in children: a cluster-randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Meyer U","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meyer U, Schindler C, Zahner L, et\u00a0al. Long-term effect of a school-based physical activity program (KISS) on fitness and adiposity in children: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e87929. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0087929"},{"issue":"1","key":"r11","series-title":"Sports Med Open","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-018-0129-0","article-title":"The effect of a school-based intervention on physical activity and well-being: a non-randomised controlled trial with children of low socio-economic status","volume":"4","author":"Shannon S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shannon S, Brennan D, Hanna D, Younger Z, Hassan J, Breslin G. The effect of a school-based intervention on physical activity and well-being: a non-randomised controlled trial with children of low socio-economic status. Sports Med Open. 2018;4(1):16. doi:10.1186\/s40798-018-0129-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"r12","series-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-7-40","article-title":"Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth","volume":"7","author":"Janssen I","year":"2010","unstructured":"Janssen I, LeBlanc AG. Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010;7(1):40. doi:10.1186\/1479-5868-7-40"},{"issue":"5","key":"r13","series-title":"J Sci Med Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.09.595","article-title":"Effects of physical activity on executive functions, attention and academic performance in preadolescent children: a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"de Greeff JW","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Greeff JW, Bosker RJ, Oosterlaan J, Visscher C, Hartman E. Effects of physical activity on executive functions, attention and academic performance in preadolescent children: a meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21(5):501\u2013507. PubMed ID: 29054748 doi:10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.09.595"},{"issue":"4","key":"r14","series-title":"Motriz Rev Educ Fis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1590\/s1980-6574201600040022","article-title":"An after-school, high-intensity, interval physical activity programme improves health-related fitness in children","volume":"22","author":"Mart\u00ednez SR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez SR, R\u00edos LJC, Tamayo IM, Almeida LG, L\u00f3pez-Gomez MA, Jara CC. An after-school, high-intensity, interval physical activity programme improves health-related fitness in children. Motriz Rev Educ Fis. 2016;22(4):359\u2013367. doi:10.1590\/s1980-6574201600040022"},{"issue":"9","key":"r15","series-title":"J Phys Act Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2015-0596","article-title":"Associations between objectively assessed components of physical activity and health-related fitness in 10- to 14-year-old children","volume":"13","author":"De Baere S","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Baere S, Philippaerts R, De Martelaer K, Lefevre J. Associations between objectively assessed components of physical activity and health-related fitness in 10- to 14-year-old children. J Phys Act Health. 2016;13(9):993\u20131001. PubMed ID: 27169461 doi:10.1123\/jpah.2015-0596"},{"issue":"1","key":"r16","series-title":"Int J Obes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803774","article-title":"Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health","volume":"32","author":"Ortega FB","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, Castillo MJ, Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m M. Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health. Int J Obes. 2008;32(1):1\u201311. doi:10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803774"},{"issue":"6","key":"r17","series-title":"Sao Paulo Med J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-3180.2017.0111260617","article-title":"Engagement in physical education classes and health among young people: does sports practice matter? A cross-sectional study","volume":"135","author":"Coledam DHC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Coledam DHC, Ferraiol PF. Engagement in physical education classes and health among young people: does sports practice matter? A cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J. 2017;135(6):548\u2013555. PubMed ID: 29166432 doi:10.1590\/1516-3180.2017.0111260617"},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S74","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2015.1043229","article-title":"Associations between attitudes toward physical education and aerobic capacity in Hungarian high school students","volume":"86","author":"Kaj M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaj M, Saint-Maurice PF, Karsai I, et\u00a0al. Associations between attitudes toward physical education and aerobic capacity in Hungarian high school students. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2015;86:S74\u2013S81. PubMed ID: 26054959 doi:10.1080\/02701367.2015.1043229"},{"issue":"1","key":"r19","series-title":"BMC Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5176-4","article-title":"Effects of cardiorespiratory fitness and weight status on knowledge of physical activity and fitness, attitude toward physical education, and physical activity","volume":"18","author":"Chen S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen S, Gu X. Effects of cardiorespiratory fitness and weight status on knowledge of physical activity and fitness, attitude toward physical education, and physical activity. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):273. doi:10.1186\/s12889-018-5176-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"r20","series-title":"J Sch Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.12217","article-title":"Effects of daily physical education on physical fitness and weight status in middle school adolescents","volume":"85","author":"Erfle SE","year":"2015","unstructured":"Erfle SE, Gamble A. Effects of daily physical education on physical fitness and weight status in middle school adolescents. J Sch Health. 2015;85(1):27\u201335. PubMed ID: 25440450 doi:10.1111\/josh.12217"},{"issue":"7","key":"r21","series-title":"J Sch Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2011.00609.x","article-title":"The influence of body mass index on long-term fitness from physical education in adolescent girls","volume":"81","author":"Camhi SM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Camhi SM, Phillips J, Young DR. The influence of body mass index on long-term fitness from physical education in adolescent girls. J Sch Health. 2011;81(7):409\u2013416. doi:10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2011.00609.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"r22","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01394-6","article-title":"Temporal trends in the standing broad jump performance of 10,940,801 children and adolescents between 1960 and 2017","volume":"51","author":"Tomkinson GR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tomkinson GR, Kaster T, Dooley FL, et\u00a0al. Temporal trends in the standing broad jump performance of 10,940,801 children and adolescents between 1960 and 2017. Sports Med. 2021;51(3):531\u2013548. PubMed ID: 33368030 doi:10.1007\/s40279-020-01394-6"},{"issue":"8","key":"r23","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097982","article-title":"Temporal trends in the cardiorespiratory fitness of children and adolescents representing 19 high-income and upper middle-income countries between 1981 and 2014","volume":"53","author":"Tomkinson GR","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tomkinson GR, Lang JJ, Tremblay MS. Temporal trends in the cardiorespiratory fitness of children and adolescents representing 19 high-income and upper middle-income countries between 1981 and 2014. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53(8):478\u2013486. PubMed ID: 29084727 doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097982"},{"issue":"6","key":"r24","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01265-0","article-title":"A Systematic analysis of temporal trends in the handgrip strength of 2,216,320 children and adolescents between 1967 and 2017","volume":"50","author":"Dooley FL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dooley FL, Kaster T, Fitzgerald JS, et\u00a0al. A Systematic analysis of temporal trends in the handgrip strength of 2,216,320 children and adolescents between 1967 and 2017. Sports Med. 2020;50(6):1129\u20131144. PubMed ID: 32026238 doi:10.1007\/s40279-020-01265-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"r25","series-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2021-001165","article-title":"Declining fitness and physical education lessons in UK adolescents","volume":"8","author":"Weedon BD","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weedon BD, Liu F, Mahmoud W, et\u00a0al. Declining fitness and physical education lessons in UK adolescents. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2022;8(1):e001165. doi:10.1136\/bmjsem-2021-001165"},{"issue":"2","key":"r26","series-title":"Nutr Hosp","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3305\/nh.2010.25.2.4596","article-title":"Socioeconomic status influences physical fitness in European adolescents independently of body fat and physical activity: the Helena study","volume":"25","author":"Pav\u00f3n DJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pav\u00f3n DJ, Ortega FP, Ruiz JR, et\u00a0al. Socioeconomic status influences physical fitness in European adolescents independently of body fat and physical activity: the Helena study. Nutr Hosp. 2010;25(2):311\u2013316. doi:10.3305\/nh.2010.25.2.4596"},{"issue":"1","key":"r27","series-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness","first-page":"48","article-title":"Age- and sex-dependent disparity in physical fitness between obese and normal weight children and adolescents","volume":"53","author":"Woll A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Woll A, Worth A, M\u00fcndermann A, H\u00f6lling H, Jekauc D, B\u00f6s K. Age- and sex-dependent disparity in physical fitness between obese and normal weight children and adolescents. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2013;53(1):48\u201355. PubMed ID: 23470911"},{"key":"r28","series-title":"UK Data Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5255\/UKDA-SN-7456-1","article-title":"East of England healthy hearts study: cross-sectional data, 2006\u20132011","author":"Sandercock G","unstructured":"Sandercock G. East of England healthy hearts study: cross-sectional data, 2006\u20132011. UK Data Service. SN: 7456. doi:10.5255\/UKDA-SN-7456-1"},{"issue":"4","key":"r29","series-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.9.4.342","article-title":"Convergent validity of the physical activity questionnaire for adolescents","volume":"9","author":"Kowalski KC","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kowalski KC, Crocker PRE, Kowalski NP. Convergent validity of the physical activity questionnaire for adolescents. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 1997;9(4):342\u2013352. doi:10.1123\/pes.9.4.342"},{"issue":"4","key":"r30","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181620ed1","article-title":"Measuring activity in children and adolescents using self-report: PAQ-C and PAQ-A","volume":"40","author":"Janz KF","year":"2008","unstructured":"Janz KF, Lutuchy EM, Wenthe P, Levy SM. Measuring activity in children and adolescents using self-report: PAQ-C and PAQ-A. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(4):767\u2013772. PubMed ID: 18317366 doi:10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181620ed1"},{"issue":"4","key":"r31","series-title":"Pediatr Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.12092","article-title":"Physical activity questionnaire for children and adolescents: English norms and cut-off points","volume":"55","author":"Voss C","year":"2013","unstructured":"Voss C, Ogunleye AA, Sandercock GRH. Physical activity questionnaire for children and adolescents: English norms and cut-off points. Pediatr Int. 2013;55(4):498\u2013507. PubMed ID: 23461812 doi:10.1111\/ped.12092"},{"key":"r32","series-title":"Fitnessgram and Activitygram Test Administration Manual-Updated","author":"Meredith MD","unstructured":"Meredith MD, Welk G. Fitnessgram and Activitygram Test Administration Manual-Updated (4th ed.). Human Kinetics."},{"issue":"3","key":"r33","series-title":"Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/1091367X.2018.1427590","article-title":"Estimation of aerobic fitness from PACER performance with and without body mass index","volume":"22","author":"Mahar MT","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mahar MT, Welk GJ, Rowe DA. Estimation of aerobic fitness from PACER performance with and without body mass index. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci. 2018;22(3):239\u2013249. doi:10.1080\/1091367X.2018.1427590"},{"issue":"8","key":"r34","series-title":"J Sports Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1080\/02640411003770212","article-title":"Vertical jumping and leg power normative data for English school children aged 10-15\u00a0years","volume":"28","author":"Taylor MJD","year":"2010","unstructured":"Taylor MJD, Cohen D, Voss C, Sandercock GRH. Vertical jumping and leg power normative data for English school children aged 10-15\u00a0years. J Sports Sci. 2010;28(8):867\u2013872. PubMed ID: 20496221 doi:10.1080\/02640411003770212"},{"issue":"8","key":"r35","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000864","article-title":"Reliability and validity of tests to assess lower-body muscular power in children","volume":"29","author":"Fernandez-Santos JR","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fernandez-Santos JR, Ruiz JR, Cohen DD, Gonzalez-Montesinos JL, Castro-Pi\u00f1ero J. Reliability and validity of tests to assess lower-body muscular power in children. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29(8):2277\u20132285. PubMed ID: 25647647 doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000864"},{"issue":"3","key":"r36","series-title":"Int J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1268488","article-title":"Reliability of field-based fitness tests in youth","volume":"32","author":"Artero EG","year":"2011","unstructured":"Artero EG, Espaa-Romero V, Castro-Piero J, et\u00a0al. Reliability of field-based fitness tests in youth. Int J Sports Med. 2011;32(3):159\u2013169. PubMed ID: 21165805 doi:10.1055\/s-0030-1268488"},{"key":"r37","article-title":"Accredited official statistics\u2014English indices of deprivation","unstructured":"Ministry of Housing Communities & Local Government. Accredited official statistics\u2014English indices of deprivation. 2015. Accessed October 9, 2022. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/english-indices-of-deprivation-2015"},{"issue":"10062","key":"r38","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30388-9","article-title":"Guidelines for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting: the GATHER statement","volume":"388","author":"Stevens GA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stevens GA, Alkema L, Black RE, et\u00a0al. Guidelines for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting: the GATHER statement. Lancet. 2016;388(10062):e19\u2013e23. PubMed ID: 27371184 doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30388-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"r39","series-title":"J Pediatr Psychol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jst085","article-title":"An introduction to latent variable mixture modeling (Part 2): longitudinal latent class growth analysis and growth mixture models","volume":"39","author":"Berlin KS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berlin KS, Parra GR, Williams NA. An introduction to latent variable mixture modeling (Part 2): longitudinal latent class growth analysis and growth mixture models. J Pediatr Psychol. 2014;39(2):188\u2013203. PubMed ID: 24277770 doi:10.1093\/jpepsy\/jst085"},{"issue":"2","key":"r40","series-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2005.10599279","article-title":"An introduction to latent growth model: analysis of repeated measures physical performance data","volume":"76","author":"Park I","year":"2005","unstructured":"Park I, Schutz RW. An introduction to latent growth model: analysis of repeated measures physical performance data. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2005;76(2):176\u2013192. PubMed ID: 16128485 doi:10.1080\/02701367.2005.10599279"},{"issue":"3","key":"r41","series-title":"Struct Equ Modeling","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0803_5","article-title":"The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models","volume":"8","author":"Enders CK","year":"2001","unstructured":"Enders CK, Bandalos DL. The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models. Struct Equ Modeling. 2001;8(3):430\u2013457. doi:10.1207\/S15328007SEM0803_5"},{"issue":"1","key":"r42","series-title":"Struct Equ Modeling","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu LT","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hu LT, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling. 1999;6(1):1\u201355. doi:10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"issue":"2","key":"r43","series-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2019.1603772","article-title":"Associations among physical education, activity-related healthy lifestyle practices, and cardiorespiratory fitness of Chinese youth","volume":"90","author":"Li Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li Y, Wang S, Yu Y, et\u00a0al. Associations among physical education, activity-related healthy lifestyle practices, and cardiorespiratory fitness of Chinese youth. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2019;90(2):123\u2013132. PubMed ID: 31045485 doi:10.1080\/02701367.2019.1603772"},{"issue":"5","key":"r44","series-title":"Int J Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-016-0811-2","article-title":"Determinant factors of physical fitness in European children","volume":"61","author":"Zaqout M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zaqout M, Vyncke K, Moreno LA, et\u00a0al. Determinant factors of physical fitness in European children. Int J Public Health. 2016;61(5):573\u2013582. PubMed ID: 27042830 doi:10.1007\/s00038-016-0811-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"r45","series-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-199401000-00016","article-title":"Assessment and interpretation of aerobic fitness in children and adolescents","volume":"22","author":"Armstrong N","year":"1994","unstructured":"Armstrong N, Welsman JR. Assessment and interpretation of aerobic fitness in children and adolescents. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1994;22(1):435\u2013476. doi:10.1249\/00003677-199401000-00016"},{"issue":"1","key":"r46","series-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2022.2148623","article-title":"Youth sport participation trends across Europe: implications for policy and practice","volume":"95","author":"Emmonds S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Emmonds S, Till K, Weaving D, Burton A, Lara-Bercial S. Youth sport participation trends across Europe: implications for policy and practice. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2024;95(1):69\u201380. PubMed ID: 36697376 doi:10.1080\/02701367.2022.2148623"},{"issue":"10","key":"r47","series-title":"Health Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.25318\/82-003-x201901000001-eng","article-title":"Trends in physical fitness among Canadian children and youth","volume":"30","author":"Colley RC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Colley RC, Clarke J, Doyon CY, et\u00a0al. Trends in physical fitness among Canadian children and youth. Health Rep. 2019;30(10):3\u201313. PubMed ID: 31617932 doi:10.25318\/82-003-x201901000001-eng"},{"issue":"12","key":"r48","series-title":"J Sci Med Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.07.013","article-title":"Drivers of adolescent adiposity: evidence from the Australian LOOK study","volume":"22","author":"Telford RD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Telford RD, Telford RM, Martin MK, Welvaert M. Drivers of adolescent adiposity: evidence from the Australian LOOK study. J Sci Med Sport. 2019;22(12):1330\u20131334. PubMed ID: 31445949 doi:10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.07.013"},{"issue":"10","key":"r49","series-title":"BMJ Open","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-036991","article-title":"Association between objectively measured physical activity and longitudinal changes in body composition in adolescents: the Troms\u00f8 study fit futures cohort","volume":"10","author":"Aars NA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aars NA, Beldo S, Jacobsen BK, et\u00a0al. Association between objectively measured physical activity and longitudinal changes in body composition in adolescents: the Troms\u00f8 study fit futures cohort. BMJ Open. 2020;10(10):e036991. doi:10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-036991"},{"issue":"6","key":"r50","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01089-7","article-title":"Behavioral correlates of muscular fitness in children and adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"49","author":"Smith JJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smith JJ, Eather N, Weaver RG, Riley N, Beets MW, Lubans DR. Behavioral correlates of muscular fitness in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2019;49(6):887\u2013904. PubMed ID: 30864143 doi:10.1007\/s40279-019-01089-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"r51","series-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2016-0239","article-title":"Behavior tracking and 3-year longitudinal associations between physical activity, screen time, and fitness among young children","volume":"30","author":"Potter M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Potter M, Spence JC, Boul\u00e9 N, Stearns JA, Carson V. Behavior tracking and 3-year longitudinal associations between physical activity, screen time, and fitness among young children. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2018;30(1):132\u2013141. PubMed ID: 28605306 doi:10.1123\/pes.2016-0239"},{"issue":"4","key":"r52","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0932-2","article-title":"Effects of a daily school based physical activity intervention program on muscle development in prepubertal girls","volume":"105","author":"Stenevi-Lundgren S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stenevi-Lundgren S, Daly RM, Lind\u00e9n C, G\u00e4rdsell P, Karlsson MK. Effects of a daily school based physical activity intervention program on muscle development in prepubertal girls. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009;105(4):533\u2013541. PubMed ID: 19018558 doi:10.1007\/s00421-008-0932-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"r53","series-title":"Am J Hum Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20466","article-title":"Longitudinal follow-up of fitness during childhood: interaction with physical activity","volume":"18","author":"Baquet G","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baquet G, Twisk JWR, Kemper HCG, Van Praagh E, Berthoin S. Longitudinal follow-up of fitness during childhood: interaction with physical activity. Am J Hum Biol. 2006;18(1):51\u201358. PubMed ID: 16378341 doi:10.1002\/ajhb.20466"},{"issue":"3","key":"r54","series-title":"Eur J Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-009-1010-4","article-title":"Is grip strength a predictor for total muscle strength in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults?","volume":"169","author":"Wind AE","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wind AE, Takken T, Helders PJM, Engelbert RHH. Is grip strength a predictor for total muscle strength in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults? Eur J Pediatr. 2010;169(3):281\u2013287. PubMed ID: 19526369 doi:10.1007\/s00431-009-1010-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"r55","series-title":"Eur J Sport Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2014.987321","article-title":"Associations between showering behaviours following physical education, physical activity and fitness in English schoolchildren","volume":"16","author":"Sandercock GRH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sandercock GRH, Ogunleye A, Voss C. Associations between showering behaviours following physical education, physical activity and fitness in English schoolchildren. Eur J Sport Sci. 2016;16(1);128\u2013134. PubMed ID: 25506624 doi:10.1080\/17461391.2014.987321"},{"issue":"1","key":"r56","series-title":"BMC Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-764","article-title":"Factors associated with low fitness in adolescents\u2014a mixed methods study","volume":"14","author":"Charlton R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Charlton R, Gravenor MB, Rees A, et\u00a0al. Factors associated with low fitness in adolescents\u2014a mixed methods study. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):764. doi:10.1186\/1471-2458-14-764"},{"issue":"14","key":"r57","series-title":"Int J Prev Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-7802.157666","article-title":"Correlation between aerobic fitness and body composition in middle school students","volume":"5","author":"Minasian V","year":"2014","unstructured":"Minasian V, Marandi SM, Kelishadi R, Abolhassani H. Correlation between aerobic fitness and body composition in middle school students. Int J Prev Med. 2014;5(14):S102\u2013S107. doi:10.4103\/2008-7802.157666"},{"issue":"1","key":"r58","series-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-022-01263-7","article-title":"Fair play? Participation equity in organised sport and physical activity among children and adolescents in high income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Owen KB","year":"2022","unstructured":"Owen KB, Nau T, Reece LJ, et\u00a0al. Fair play? Participation equity in organised sport and physical activity among children and adolescents in high income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2022;19(1):27. doi:10.1186\/s12966-022-01263-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"r59","series-title":"BMC Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-499","article-title":"Effect of living area and sports club participation on physical fitness in children: a 4\u00a0year longitudinal study","volume":"14","author":"Golle K","year":"2014","unstructured":"Golle K, Granacher U, Hoffmann M, Wick D, Muehlbauer T. Effect of living area and sports club participation on physical fitness in children: a 4\u00a0year longitudinal study. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):499. doi:10.1186\/1471-2458-14-499"},{"key":"r60","series-title":"J Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.12.058","article-title":"The relationship between socioeconomic status, family income, and measures of muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness in Colombian schoolchildren","volume":"185","author":"Sandercock GRH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sandercock GRH, Lobelo F, Correa-Bautista JE, et\u00a0al. The relationship between socioeconomic status, family income, and measures of muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness in Colombian schoolchildren. J Pediatr. 2017;185:81\u201387.e2. PubMed ID: 28161198 doi:10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.12.058"},{"issue":"1","key":"r61","series-title":"J Sports Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1679575","article-title":"Factors associated with muscular fitness phenotypes in Australian children: a cross-sectional study","volume":"38","author":"Fraser BJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fraser BJ, Blizzard L, Cleland V, et\u00a0al. Factors associated with muscular fitness phenotypes in Australian children: a cross-sectional study. J Sports Sci. 2020;38(1):38\u201345. PubMed ID: 31613185 doi:10.1080\/02640414.2019.1679575"},{"issue":"1","key":"r62","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Obes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/17477160802315010","article-title":"A comparison of indirect versus direct measures for assessing physical activity in the pediatric population: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Adamo KB","year":"2009","unstructured":"Adamo KB, Prince SA, Tricco AC, Connor-Gorber S, Tremblay M. A comparison of indirect versus direct measures for assessing physical activity in the pediatric population: a systematic review. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2009;4(1):2\u201327. PubMed ID: 18720173 doi:10.1080\/17477160802315010"},{"issue":"1","key":"r63","series-title":"BMC Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3172-0","article-title":"Accelerometry and physical activity questionnaires\u2014a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Skender S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Skender S, Ose J, Chang-Claude J, et\u00a0al. Accelerometry and physical activity questionnaires\u2014a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):515. doi:10.1186\/s12889-016-3172-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"r64","series-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-018-0727-8","article-title":"Strength exercises during physical education classes in secondary schools improve body composition: a cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Ten Hoor GA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ten Hoor GA, Rutten GM, Van Breukelen GJP, et\u00a0al. Strength exercises during physical education classes in secondary schools improve body composition: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2018;15(1):92. doi:10.1186\/s12966-018-0727-8"},{"issue":"8","key":"r65","series-title":"Arch Dis Child","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-311586","article-title":"A community-based motivational personalised lifestyle intervention to reduce BMI in obese adolescents: results from the Healthy Eating and Lifestyle Programme (HELP) randomised controlled trial","volume":"102","author":"Christie D","year":"2017","unstructured":"Christie D, Hudson LD, Kinra S, et\u00a0al. A community-based motivational personalised lifestyle intervention to reduce BMI in obese adolescents: results from the Healthy Eating and Lifestyle Programme (HELP) randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child. 2017;102(8):695\u2013701. PubMed ID: 28687677 doi:10.1136\/archdischild-2016-311586"}],"container-title":["Journal of Physical Activity and Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jpah\/23\/6\/article-p894.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jpah\/23\/6\/article-p894.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jpah\/23\/6\/article-p894.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T16:30:46Z","timestamp":1778862646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jpah\/23\/6\/article-p894.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jpah.2025-0576","relation":{},"ISSN":["1543-3080","1543-5474"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1543-3080","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-5474","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}}}