{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T19:52:30Z","timestamp":1774641150720,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Imagery is widely used in sport, but its effectiveness depends on how it is structured and the range of senses engaged. This study compared Functional Imagery Training\u2014a multisensory, motivational intervention\u2014with single-sense internal visual imagery and a control condition without imagery training. Thirty-eight competitive tennis players completed imagery ability and preference assessments before engaging in a 6-week intervention. Serve accuracy was measured pre- and postintervention using a target-based scoring task. Both imagery conditions led to performance improvements, with Functional Imagery Training producing significantly greater gains. The control group showed no significant change. Imagery ability and preferred use did not predict outcomes, and participants whose training matched their reported preference did not perform better than those mismatched. These findings support the use of multisensory and motivationally grounded approaches such as Functional Imagery Training, suggesting that the structure and emotional relevance of imagery may be more critical for performance than preference or ability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.2025-0161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T18:52:16Z","timestamp":1771440736000},"page":"61-68","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating Functional Imagery Training and Internal Visual Imagery on Tennis Serve Performance"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7921-8242","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4762-5222","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amelie","family":"Leach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"Appetite,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.02.015","article-title":"Functional Imagery Training to reduce snacking: Testing a novel motivational intervention based on Elaborated Intrusion theory","volume":"100","author":"Andrade, J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andrade, J., Khalil, M., Dickson, J., May, J., & Kavanagh, D.J. (2016). Functional Imagery Training to reduce snacking: Testing a novel motivational intervention based on Elaborated Intrusion theory. Appetite, 100, 256\u2013262. 10.1016\/j.appet.2016.02.015"},{"issue":"4","key":"r48","series-title":"British Journal of Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12050","article-title":"Assessing vividness of mental imagery: The Plymouth sensory imagery questionnaire","volume":"105","author":"Andrade, J.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Andrade, J., May, J., Deeprose, C., Baugh, S.J., & Ganis, G. (2014). Assessing vividness of mental imagery: The Plymouth sensory imagery questionnaire. British Journal of Psychology, 105(4), 547\u2013563. 10.1111\/bjop.12050"},{"issue":"1","key":"r2","series-title":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/01973533.2016.1255947","article-title":"Imagining success: Multiple achievement goals and the effectiveness of imagery","volume":"39","author":"Blankert, T.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Blankert, T., & Hamstra, M.R.W. (2016). Imagining success: Multiple achievement goals and the effectiveness of imagery. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 39(1), 60\u201367. 10.1080\/01973533.2016.1255947"},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Journal of Mental Imagery,","first-page":"31","article-title":"Visual imagery perspectives: A commentary on Morris and Spittle","volume":"36","author":"Callow, N.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Callow, N., & Roberts, R. (2012). Visual imagery perspectives: A commentary on Morris and Spittle. Journal of Mental Imagery, 36, 31\u221239."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00697","article-title":"Performance improvements from imagery: Evidence that internal visual imagery is superior to external visual imagery for slalom performance","volume":"7","author":"Callow, N.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Callow, N., Roberts, R., Hardy, L., Jiang, D., & Edwards, M.G. (2013). Performance improvements from imagery: Evidence that internal visual imagery is superior to external visual imagery for slalom performance. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, Article 697. 10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00697"},{"issue":"1","key":"r5","series-title":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jirspa-2019-0013","article-title":"PETTLEP imagery and tennis service performance: An applied investigation","volume":"15","author":"Cherappurath, N.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cherappurath, N., Elayaraja, M., Kabeer, D.A., Anjum, A., Vogazianos, P., & Antoniades, A. (2020). PETTLEP imagery and tennis service performance: An applied investigation. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 15(1), Article 20190013. 10.1515\/jirspa-2019-0013"},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Advances in applied sport psychology: A review","first-page":"5","article-title":"Imagery interventions in sport","author":"Cumming, J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cumming, J., & Ramsey, R. (2009). Imagery interventions in sport. In S.D. Mellalieu\u00a0& S. Hanton (Eds.), Advances in applied sport psychology: A review (pp.\u00a05\u201336). Routledge."},{"key":"r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199731763.013.0011","author":"Cumming, J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cumming, J., & Williams, S.E. (2012). The role of imagery in performance. In S.M. Murphy (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of sport and performance psychology (pp. 213\u2013232). Oxford University Press. 10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199731763.013.0011"},{"issue":"5","key":"r8","series-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1177\/0031512517719611","article-title":"Internal and external imagery effects on tennis skills among novices","volume":"124","author":"Dana, A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dana, A., & Gozalzadeh, E. (2017). Internal and external imagery effects on tennis skills among novices. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 124(5), 1022\u20131043. 10.1177\/0031512517719611"},{"issue":"7","key":"r49","series-title":"Human Brain Mapping,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20658","article-title":"Brain activity during visual versus kinesthetic imagery: An fMRI study","volume":"30","author":"Guillot, A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Guillot, A., Collet, C., Nguyen, V.A., Malouin, F., Richards, C., & Doyon, J. (2009). Brain activity during visual versus kinesthetic imagery: An fMRI study. Human Brain Mapping, 30(7), 2157\u20132172. 10.1002\/hbm.20658"},{"issue":"1","key":"r10","series-title":"International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2021.2007539","article-title":"From simulation to motor execution: A review of the impact of dynamic motor imagery on performance","volume":"17","author":"Guillot, A.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guillot, A., Rienzo, F.D., Frank, C., Debarnot, U., & MacIntyre, T.E. (2024). From simulation to motor execution: A review of the impact of dynamic motor imagery on performance. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(1), 420\u2013439. 10.1080\/1750984X.2021.2007539"},{"issue":"2","key":"r43","series-title":"Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.21.2.95","article-title":"Efficacy of external and internal visual imagery perspectives for the enhancement of performance on tasks in which form is important","volume":"21","author":"Hardy, L.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hardy, L., & Callow, N. (1999). Efficacy of external and internal visual imagery perspectives for the enhancement of performance on tasks in which form is important. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21(2), 95\u2013112. 10.1123\/jsep.21.2.95"},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Frontiers in Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1166543","article-title":"Developing and validating a Japanese version of the plymouth sensory imagery questionnaire","volume":"14","author":"Hitsuwari, J.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hitsuwari, J., & Nomura, M. (2023). Developing and validating a Japanese version of the plymouth sensory imagery questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1166543. 10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1166543"},{"issue":"1","key":"r12","series-title":"Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200109339004","article-title":"The PETTLEP approach to motor imagery: A functional equivalence model for sport psychologists","volume":"13","author":"Holmes, P.S.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Holmes, P.S., & Collins, D.J. (2001). The PETTLEP approach to motor imagery: A functional equivalence model for sport psychologists. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(1), 60\u201383. 10.1080\/10413200109339004"},{"issue":"2","key":"r13","series-title":"Psychological Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-021-01501-w","article-title":"Emotional mental imagery generation during spontaneous future thinking: Relationship with optimism and negative mood","volume":"86","author":"Ji, J.L.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ji, J.L., Murphy, F.C., Grafton, B., MacLeod, C., & Holmes, E.A. (2022). Emotional mental imagery generation during spontaneous future thinking: Relationship with optimism and negative mood. Psychological Research, 86(2), 617\u2013626. 10.1007\/s00426-021-01501-w"},{"key":"r44","series-title":"Brain and Cognition,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.04.005","article-title":"The neural substrates for the different modalities of movement imagery","volume":"97","author":"Jiang, D.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jiang, D., Edwards, M.G., Mullins, P., & Callow, N. (2015). The neural substrates for the different modalities of movement imagery. Brain and Cognition, 97, 22\u201331. 10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.04.005"},{"issue":"2","key":"r14","series-title":"Psychological Review,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.112.2.446","article-title":"Imaginary relish and exquisite torture: The elaborated intrusion theory of desire","volume":"112","author":"Kavanagh, D.J.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kavanagh, D.J., Andrade, J., & May, J. (2005). Imaginary relish and exquisite torture: The elaborated intrusion theory of desire. Psychological Review, 112(2), 446\u2013467. 10.1037\/0033-295X.112.2.446"},{"issue":"4","key":"r15","series-title":"Motor Control,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1123\/mc.2023-0080","article-title":"Influence of motor imagery modality on first-serve performance in tennis players","volume":"28","author":"Laurent, D.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Laurent, D., Carien, R., & Robin, N. (2024). Influence of motor imagery modality on first-serve performance in tennis players. Motor Control, 28(4), 377\u2013390. 10.1123\/mc.2023-0080"},{"key":"r16","series-title":"The Guardian","article-title":"A little mental rehearsal is a huge help on sport\u2019s biggest stages","author":"Lewis, T.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lewis, T. (2019, August 29). A little mental rehearsal is a huge help on sport\u2019s biggest stages. The Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/sport\/blog\/2019\/jul\/28\/visualisation-in-sport10729693"},{"issue":"4","key":"r17","series-title":"Cognition & Emotion,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930701446296","article-title":"Imagery and strength of craving for eating, drinking, and playing sport","volume":"22","author":"May, J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"May, J., Andrade, J., Kavanagh, D.J., & Penfound, L. (2008). Imagery and strength of craving for eating, drinking, and playing sport. Cognition & Emotion, 22(4), 633\u2013650. 10.1080\/02699930701446296"},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Addictive Behaviors,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.09.016","article-title":"The elaborated intrusion theory of desire: A 10-year retrospective and implications for addiction treatments","volume":"44","author":"May, J.","year":"2015","unstructured":"May, J., Kavanagh, D.J., & Andrade, J. (2015). The elaborated intrusion theory of desire: A 10-year retrospective and implications for addiction treatments. Addictive Behaviors, 44, 29\u201334. 10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.09.016"},{"key":"r20","series-title":"Motivational interviewing: Helping people change","author":"Miller, W.R.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miller, W.R., & Rollnick, S. (2012). Motivational interviewing: Helping people change. Guilford press."},{"issue":"1","key":"r45","series-title":"The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.7600\/jpfsm.1.103","article-title":"Motor imagery and sport performance","volume":"1","author":"Mizuguchi, N.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mizuguchi, N., Nakata, H., Uchida, Y., & Kanosue, K. (2012). Motor imagery and sport performance. The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine, 1(1), 103\u2013111. 10.7600\/jpfsm.1.103"},{"key":"r19","series-title":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology","article-title":"Psychological imagery in sport and performance","author":"Munroe-Chandler, K.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Munroe-Chandler, K., & Guerrero, M. (2017, April 26). Psychological imagery in sport and performance. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. Retrieved September 5, 2025, from https:\/\/oxfordre.com\/psychology\/view\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190236557.001.0001\/acrefore-9780190236557-e-228"},{"issue":"4","key":"r23","series-title":"Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences. Journal Canadien Des Sciences Appliqu\u00e9es au Sport,","first-page":"22S","article-title":"Cognitive and motivational functions of imagery in human performance","volume":"10","author":"Paivio, A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Paivio, A. (1985). Cognitive and motivational functions of imagery in human performance. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences. Journal Canadien Des Sciences Appliqu\u00e9es au Sport, 10(4), 22S\u201328S."},{"issue":"6","key":"r24","series-title":"International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197x.2021.1987959","article-title":"Applied imagery for motivation: A person-centred model","volume":"20","author":"Rhodes, J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rhodes, J., & May, J. (2021). Applied imagery for motivation: A person-centred model. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20(6), 1556\u20131575. 10.1080\/1612197x.2021.1987959"},{"issue":"3","key":"r25","series-title":"The Sport Psychologist,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1123\/tsp.2017-0093","article-title":"Enhancing grit through functional imagery training in professional soccer","volume":"32","author":"Rhodes, J.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rhodes, J., May, J., Andrade, J., & Kavanagh, D. (2018). Enhancing grit through functional imagery training in professional soccer. The Sport Psychologist, 32(3), 220\u2013225. 10.1123\/tsp.2017-0093"},{"issue":"1","key":"r26","series-title":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jirspa-2020-0014","article-title":"Penalty success in professional soccer: A randomised comparison between imagery methodologies","volume":"15","author":"Rhodes, J.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rhodes, J., May, J., & Booth, A. (2020). Penalty success in professional soccer: A randomised comparison between imagery methodologies. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 15(1), Article 20200014. 10.1515\/jirspa-2020-0014"},{"issue":"5","key":"r27","series-title":"Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200.2024.2337019","article-title":"Imagery training for athletes with low imagery abilities","volume":"36","author":"Rhodes, J.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rhodes, J., Nedza, K., May, J., & Clements, L. (2024). Imagery training for athletes with low imagery abilities. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 36(5), 831\u2013844. 10.1080\/10413200.2024.2337019"},{"issue":"1","key":"r28","series-title":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jirspa-2021-0011","article-title":"From couch to ultra marathon: Using functional imagery training to enhance motivation","volume":"16","author":"Rhodes, J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rhodes, J., Nedza, K., May, J., Jenkins, T., & Stone, T. (2021). From couch to ultra marathon: Using functional imagery training to enhance motivation. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 16(1), Article 20210011. 10.1515\/jirspa-2021-0011"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"r29","series-title":"Journal of Physiology-Paris,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2015.02.003","article-title":"How kinesthetic motor imagery works: A predictive-processing theory of visualization in sports and motor expertise","volume":"109","author":"Ridderinkhof, K.R.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ridderinkhof, K.R., & Brass, M. (2015). How kinesthetic motor imagery works: A predictive-processing theory of visualization in sports and motor expertise. Journal of Physiology-Paris, 109(1\u20133), 53\u201363. 10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2015.02.003"},{"issue":"5","key":"r30","series-title":"International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2023.2191628","article-title":"Effects of motor imagery training on service performance in novice tennis players: The role of imagery ability","volume":"22","author":"Robin, N.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Robin, N., Carien, R., Taktek, K., Hatchi, V., & Dominique, L. (2024). Effects of motor imagery training on service performance in novice tennis players: The role of imagery ability. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 22(5), 1070\u20131082. 10.1080\/1612197X.2023.2191628"},{"key":"r31","series-title":"Movement & Sport Sciences\u2014Science & Motricit\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/sm\/2022009","article-title":"Mental imagery and tennis: A review, applied recommendations and new research directions","author":"Robin, N.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Robin, N., & Dominique, L. (2022). Mental imagery and tennis: A review, applied recommendations and new research directions. Movement & Sport Sciences\u2014Science & Motricit\u00e9. 10.1051\/sm\/2022009"},{"key":"r32","series-title":"Coaching athletes to be their best: Motivational interviewing in sports","author":"Rollnick, S.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rollnick, S., Fader, J., Breckon, J., & Moyers, T.B. (2019). Coaching athletes to be their best: Motivational interviewing in sports. Guilford Publications."},{"issue":"5","key":"r34","series-title":"Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.2021-0229","article-title":"Neural activity during imagery supports three imagery abilities as measured by the movement imagery questionnaire-3","volume":"44","author":"Seiler, B.D.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seiler, B.D., Monsma, E.V., Newman-Norlund, R., & Sacko, R. (2022). Neural activity during imagery supports three imagery abilities as measured by the movement imagery questionnaire-3. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 44(5), 344\u2013358. 10.1123\/jsep.2021-0229"},{"issue":"3","key":"r35","series-title":"Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.26.3.385","article-title":"The effect of imagery modality on golf putting performance","volume":"26","author":"Smith, D.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smith, D., & Holmes, P. (2004). The effect of imagery modality on golf putting performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26(3), 385\u2013395. 10.1123\/jsep.26.3.385"},{"issue":"4","key":"r36","series-title":"International Journal of Obesity,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0122-1","article-title":"Functional imagery training versus motivational interviewing for weight loss: A randomised controlled trial of brief individual interventions for overweight and obesity","volume":"43","author":"Solbrig, L.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Solbrig, L., Whalley, B., Kavanagh, D.J., May, J., Parkin, T., Jones, R., & Andrade, J. (2018). Functional imagery training versus motivational interviewing for weight loss: A randomised controlled trial of brief individual interventions for overweight and obesity. International Journal of Obesity, 43(4), 883\u2013894. 10.1038\/s41366-018-0122-1"},{"key":"r42","author":"Vealey, R.S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vealey, R.S., & Forlenza, S.T. (2020). Using imagery as a mental training tool in sport. In J.M. Williams & V. Krane (Eds.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (8th ed., pp. 244\u2013277). McGraw-Hill Education."},{"issue":"1","key":"r47","series-title":"International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2012.724437","article-title":"Functional equivalence or behavioural matching? A critical reflection on 15 years of research using the PETTLEP model of motor imagery","volume":"6","author":"Wakefield, C.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wakefield, C., Smith, D., Moran, A.P., & Holmes, P. (2013). Functional equivalence or behavioural matching? A critical reflection on 15 years of research using the PETTLEP model of motor imagery. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(1), 105\u2013121. 10.1080\/1750984X.2012.724437"},{"issue":"7","key":"r38","series-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1183805","article-title":"Spatial characteristics of professional tennis serves with implications for serving aces: A machine learning approach","volume":"35","author":"Whiteside, D.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Whiteside, D., & Reid, M. (2016). Spatial characteristics of professional tennis serves with implications for serving aces: A machine learning approach. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(7), 648\u2013654. 10.1080\/02640414.2016.1183805"},{"issue":"1","key":"r39","series-title":"Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.35.1.60","article-title":"Layered stimulus response training improves motor imagery ability and movement execution","volume":"35","author":"Williams, S.E.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Williams, S.E., Cooley, S.J., & Cumming, J. (2013). Layered stimulus response training improves motor imagery ability and movement execution. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35(1), 60\u201371. 10.1123\/jsep.35.1.60"},{"issue":"3","key":"r40","series-title":"International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2015.1025809","article-title":"Athlete imagery ability: A predictor of confidence and anxiety intensity and direction","volume":"14","author":"Williams, S.E.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Williams, S.E., & Cumming, J. (2016). Athlete imagery ability: A predictor of confidence and anxiety intensity and direction. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14(3), 268\u2013280. 10.1080\/1612197X.2015.1025809"},{"issue":"5","key":"r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.34.5.621","volume":"34","author":"Williams, S.E.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Williams, S.E., Cumming, J., Ntoumanis, N., Nordin-Bates, S.M., Ramsey, R., & Hall, C. (2012). Further validation and development of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(5), 621\u2013646. 10.1123\/jsep.34.5.621"},{"key":"r1","series-title":"Appetite,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.02.015","article-title":"Functional Imagery Training to reduce snacking: Testing a novel motivational intervention based on Elaborated Intrusion theory","volume":"100","author":"Andrade, J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andrade, J., Khalil, M., Dickson, J., May, J., & Kavanagh, D.J. (2016). Functional Imagery Training to reduce snacking: Testing a novel motivational intervention based on Elaborated Intrusion theory. Appetite, 100, 256\u2013262. 10.1016\/j.appet.2016.02.015"},{"issue":"4","key":"r48","series-title":"British Journal of Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12050","article-title":"Assessing vividness of mental imagery: The Plymouth sensory imagery questionnaire","volume":"105","author":"Andrade, J.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Andrade, J., May, J., Deeprose, C., Baugh, S.J., & Ganis, G. (2014). Assessing vividness of mental imagery: The Plymouth sensory imagery questionnaire. British Journal of Psychology, 105(4), 547\u2013563. 10.1111\/bjop.12050"},{"issue":"1","key":"r2","series-title":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/01973533.2016.1255947","article-title":"Imagining success: Multiple achievement goals and the effectiveness of imagery","volume":"39","author":"Blankert, T.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Blankert, T., & Hamstra, M.R.W. (2016). Imagining success: Multiple achievement goals and the effectiveness of imagery. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 39(1), 60\u201367. 10.1080\/01973533.2016.1255947"},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Journal of Mental Imagery,","first-page":"31","article-title":"Visual imagery perspectives: A commentary on Morris and Spittle","volume":"36","author":"Callow, N.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Callow, N., & Roberts, R. (2012). Visual imagery perspectives: A commentary on Morris and Spittle. Journal of Mental Imagery, 36, 31\u221239."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00697","article-title":"Performance improvements from imagery: Evidence that internal visual imagery is superior to external visual imagery for slalom performance","volume":"7","author":"Callow, N.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Callow, N., Roberts, R., Hardy, L., Jiang, D., & Edwards, M.G. (2013). Performance improvements from imagery: Evidence that internal visual imagery is superior to external visual imagery for slalom performance. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, Article 697. 10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00697"},{"issue":"1","key":"r5","series-title":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jirspa-2019-0013","article-title":"PETTLEP imagery and tennis service performance: An applied investigation","volume":"15","author":"Cherappurath, N.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cherappurath, N., Elayaraja, M., Kabeer, D.A., Anjum, A., Vogazianos, P., & Antoniades, A. (2020). PETTLEP imagery and tennis service performance: An applied investigation. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 15(1), Article 20190013. 10.1515\/jirspa-2019-0013"},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Advances in applied sport psychology: A review","first-page":"5","article-title":"Imagery interventions in sport","author":"Cumming, J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cumming, J., & Ramsey, R. (2009). Imagery interventions in sport. In S.D. Mellalieu\u00a0& S. Hanton (Eds.), Advances in applied sport psychology: A review (pp.\u00a05\u201336). Routledge."},{"key":"r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199731763.013.0011","author":"Cumming, J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cumming, J., & Williams, S.E. (2012). The role of imagery in performance. In S.M. Murphy (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of sport and performance psychology (pp. 213\u2013232). Oxford University Press. 10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199731763.013.0011"},{"issue":"5","key":"r8","series-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1177\/0031512517719611","article-title":"Internal and external imagery effects on tennis skills among novices","volume":"124","author":"Dana, A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dana, A., & Gozalzadeh, E. (2017). Internal and external imagery effects on tennis skills among novices. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 124(5), 1022\u20131043. 10.1177\/0031512517719611"},{"issue":"7","key":"r49","series-title":"Human Brain Mapping,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20658","article-title":"Brain activity during visual versus kinesthetic imagery: An fMRI study","volume":"30","author":"Guillot, A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Guillot, A., Collet, C., Nguyen, V.A., Malouin, F., Richards, C., & Doyon, J. (2009). Brain activity during visual versus kinesthetic imagery: An fMRI study. Human Brain Mapping, 30(7), 2157\u20132172. 10.1002\/hbm.20658"},{"issue":"1","key":"r10","series-title":"International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2021.2007539","article-title":"From simulation to motor execution: A review of the impact of dynamic motor imagery on performance","volume":"17","author":"Guillot, A.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guillot, A., Rienzo, F.D., Frank, C., Debarnot, U., & MacIntyre, T.E. (2024). From simulation to motor execution: A review of the impact of dynamic motor imagery on performance. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(1), 420\u2013439. 10.1080\/1750984X.2021.2007539"},{"issue":"2","key":"r43","series-title":"Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.21.2.95","article-title":"Efficacy of external and internal visual imagery perspectives for the enhancement of performance on tasks in which form is important","volume":"21","author":"Hardy, L.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hardy, L., & Callow, N. (1999). Efficacy of external and internal visual imagery perspectives for the enhancement of performance on tasks in which form is important. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21(2), 95\u2013112. 10.1123\/jsep.21.2.95"},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Frontiers in Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1166543","article-title":"Developing and validating a Japanese version of the plymouth sensory imagery questionnaire","volume":"14","author":"Hitsuwari, J.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hitsuwari, J., & Nomura, M. (2023). Developing and validating a Japanese version of the plymouth sensory imagery questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1166543. 10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1166543"},{"issue":"1","key":"r12","series-title":"Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200109339004","article-title":"The PETTLEP approach to motor imagery: A functional equivalence model for sport psychologists","volume":"13","author":"Holmes, P.S.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Holmes, P.S., & Collins, D.J. (2001). The PETTLEP approach to motor imagery: A functional equivalence model for sport psychologists. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(1), 60\u201383. 10.1080\/10413200109339004"},{"issue":"2","key":"r13","series-title":"Psychological Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-021-01501-w","article-title":"Emotional mental imagery generation during spontaneous future thinking: Relationship with optimism and negative mood","volume":"86","author":"Ji, J.L.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ji, J.L., Murphy, F.C., Grafton, B., MacLeod, C., & Holmes, E.A. (2022). Emotional mental imagery generation during spontaneous future thinking: Relationship with optimism and negative mood. Psychological Research, 86(2), 617\u2013626. 10.1007\/s00426-021-01501-w"},{"key":"r44","series-title":"Brain and Cognition,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.04.005","article-title":"The neural substrates for the different modalities of movement imagery","volume":"97","author":"Jiang, D.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jiang, D., Edwards, M.G., Mullins, P., & Callow, N. (2015). The neural substrates for the different modalities of movement imagery. Brain and Cognition, 97, 22\u201331. 10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.04.005"},{"issue":"2","key":"r14","series-title":"Psychological Review,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.112.2.446","article-title":"Imaginary relish and exquisite torture: The elaborated intrusion theory of desire","volume":"112","author":"Kavanagh, D.J.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kavanagh, D.J., Andrade, J., & May, J. (2005). Imaginary relish and exquisite torture: The elaborated intrusion theory of desire. Psychological Review, 112(2), 446\u2013467. 10.1037\/0033-295X.112.2.446"},{"issue":"4","key":"r15","series-title":"Motor Control,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1123\/mc.2023-0080","article-title":"Influence of motor imagery modality on first-serve performance in tennis players","volume":"28","author":"Laurent, D.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Laurent, D., Carien, R., & Robin, N. (2024). Influence of motor imagery modality on first-serve performance in tennis players. Motor Control, 28(4), 377\u2013390. 10.1123\/mc.2023-0080"},{"key":"r16","series-title":"The Guardian","article-title":"A little mental rehearsal is a huge help on sport\u2019s biggest stages","author":"Lewis, T.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lewis, T. (2019, August 29). A little mental rehearsal is a huge help on sport\u2019s biggest stages. The Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/sport\/blog\/2019\/jul\/28\/visualisation-in-sport10729693"},{"issue":"4","key":"r17","series-title":"Cognition & Emotion,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930701446296","article-title":"Imagery and strength of craving for eating, drinking, and playing sport","volume":"22","author":"May, J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"May, J., Andrade, J., Kavanagh, D.J., & Penfound, L. (2008). Imagery and strength of craving for eating, drinking, and playing sport. Cognition & Emotion, 22(4), 633\u2013650. 10.1080\/02699930701446296"},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Addictive Behaviors,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.09.016","article-title":"The elaborated intrusion theory of desire: A 10-year retrospective and implications for addiction treatments","volume":"44","author":"May, J.","year":"2015","unstructured":"May, J., Kavanagh, D.J., & Andrade, J. (2015). The elaborated intrusion theory of desire: A 10-year retrospective and implications for addiction treatments. Addictive Behaviors, 44, 29\u201334. 10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.09.016"},{"key":"r20","series-title":"Motivational interviewing: Helping people change","author":"Miller, W.R.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miller, W.R., & Rollnick, S. (2012). Motivational interviewing: Helping people change. Guilford press."},{"issue":"1","key":"r45","series-title":"The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.7600\/jpfsm.1.103","article-title":"Motor imagery and sport performance","volume":"1","author":"Mizuguchi, N.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mizuguchi, N., Nakata, H., Uchida, Y., & Kanosue, K. (2012). Motor imagery and sport performance. The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine, 1(1), 103\u2013111. 10.7600\/jpfsm.1.103"},{"key":"r19","series-title":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology","article-title":"Psychological imagery in sport and performance","author":"Munroe-Chandler, K.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Munroe-Chandler, K., & Guerrero, M. (2017, April 26). Psychological imagery in sport and performance. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. Retrieved September 5, 2025, from https:\/\/oxfordre.com\/psychology\/view\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190236557.001.0001\/acrefore-9780190236557-e-228"},{"issue":"4","key":"r23","series-title":"Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences. Journal Canadien Des Sciences Appliqu\u00e9es au Sport,","first-page":"22S","article-title":"Cognitive and motivational functions of imagery in human performance","volume":"10","author":"Paivio, A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Paivio, A. (1985). Cognitive and motivational functions of imagery in human performance. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences. Journal Canadien Des Sciences Appliqu\u00e9es au Sport, 10(4), 22S\u201328S."},{"issue":"6","key":"r24","series-title":"International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197x.2021.1987959","article-title":"Applied imagery for motivation: A person-centred model","volume":"20","author":"Rhodes, J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rhodes, J., & May, J. (2021). Applied imagery for motivation: A person-centred model. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20(6), 1556\u20131575. 10.1080\/1612197x.2021.1987959"},{"issue":"3","key":"r25","series-title":"The Sport Psychologist,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1123\/tsp.2017-0093","article-title":"Enhancing grit through functional imagery training in professional soccer","volume":"32","author":"Rhodes, J.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rhodes, J., May, J., Andrade, J., & Kavanagh, D. (2018). Enhancing grit through functional imagery training in professional soccer. The Sport Psychologist, 32(3), 220\u2013225. 10.1123\/tsp.2017-0093"},{"issue":"1","key":"r26","series-title":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jirspa-2020-0014","article-title":"Penalty success in professional soccer: A randomised comparison between imagery methodologies","volume":"15","author":"Rhodes, J.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rhodes, J., May, J., & Booth, A. (2020). Penalty success in professional soccer: A randomised comparison between imagery methodologies. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 15(1), Article 20200014. 10.1515\/jirspa-2020-0014"},{"issue":"5","key":"r27","series-title":"Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200.2024.2337019","article-title":"Imagery training for athletes with low imagery abilities","volume":"36","author":"Rhodes, J.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rhodes, J., Nedza, K., May, J., & Clements, L. (2024). Imagery training for athletes with low imagery abilities. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 36(5), 831\u2013844. 10.1080\/10413200.2024.2337019"},{"issue":"1","key":"r28","series-title":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jirspa-2021-0011","article-title":"From couch to ultra marathon: Using functional imagery training to enhance motivation","volume":"16","author":"Rhodes, J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rhodes, J., Nedza, K., May, J., Jenkins, T., & Stone, T. (2021). From couch to ultra marathon: Using functional imagery training to enhance motivation. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 16(1), Article 20210011. 10.1515\/jirspa-2021-0011"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"r29","series-title":"Journal of Physiology-Paris,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2015.02.003","article-title":"How kinesthetic motor imagery works: A predictive-processing theory of visualization in sports and motor expertise","volume":"109","author":"Ridderinkhof, K.R.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ridderinkhof, K.R., & Brass, M. (2015). How kinesthetic motor imagery works: A predictive-processing theory of visualization in sports and motor expertise. Journal of Physiology-Paris, 109(1\u20133), 53\u201363. 10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2015.02.003"},{"issue":"5","key":"r30","series-title":"International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2023.2191628","article-title":"Effects of motor imagery training on service performance in novice tennis players: The role of imagery ability","volume":"22","author":"Robin, N.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Robin, N., Carien, R., Taktek, K., Hatchi, V., & Dominique, L. (2024). Effects of motor imagery training on service performance in novice tennis players: The role of imagery ability. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 22(5), 1070\u20131082. 10.1080\/1612197X.2023.2191628"},{"key":"r31","series-title":"Movement & Sport Sciences\u2014Science & Motricit\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/sm\/2022009","article-title":"Mental imagery and tennis: A review, applied recommendations and new research directions","author":"Robin, N.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Robin, N., & Dominique, L. (2022). Mental imagery and tennis: A review, applied recommendations and new research directions. Movement & Sport Sciences\u2014Science & Motricit\u00e9. 10.1051\/sm\/2022009"},{"key":"r32","series-title":"Coaching athletes to be their best: Motivational interviewing in sports","author":"Rollnick, S.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rollnick, S., Fader, J., Breckon, J., & Moyers, T.B. (2019). Coaching athletes to be their best: Motivational interviewing in sports. Guilford Publications."},{"issue":"5","key":"r34","series-title":"Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.2021-0229","article-title":"Neural activity during imagery supports three imagery abilities as measured by the movement imagery questionnaire-3","volume":"44","author":"Seiler, B.D.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seiler, B.D., Monsma, E.V., Newman-Norlund, R., & Sacko, R. (2022). Neural activity during imagery supports three imagery abilities as measured by the movement imagery questionnaire-3. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 44(5), 344\u2013358. 10.1123\/jsep.2021-0229"},{"issue":"3","key":"r35","series-title":"Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.26.3.385","article-title":"The effect of imagery modality on golf putting performance","volume":"26","author":"Smith, D.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smith, D., & Holmes, P. (2004). The effect of imagery modality on golf putting performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26(3), 385\u2013395. 10.1123\/jsep.26.3.385"},{"issue":"4","key":"r36","series-title":"International Journal of Obesity,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0122-1","article-title":"Functional imagery training versus motivational interviewing for weight loss: A randomised controlled trial of brief individual interventions for overweight and obesity","volume":"43","author":"Solbrig, L.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Solbrig, L., Whalley, B., Kavanagh, D.J., May, J., Parkin, T., Jones, R., & Andrade, J. (2018). Functional imagery training versus motivational interviewing for weight loss: A randomised controlled trial of brief individual interventions for overweight and obesity. International Journal of Obesity, 43(4), 883\u2013894. 10.1038\/s41366-018-0122-1"},{"key":"r42","author":"Vealey, R.S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vealey, R.S., & Forlenza, S.T. (2020). Using imagery as a mental training tool in sport. In J.M. Williams & V. Krane (Eds.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (8th ed., pp. 244\u2013277). McGraw-Hill Education."},{"issue":"1","key":"r47","series-title":"International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2012.724437","article-title":"Functional equivalence or behavioural matching? A critical reflection on 15 years of research using the PETTLEP model of motor imagery","volume":"6","author":"Wakefield, C.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wakefield, C., Smith, D., Moran, A.P., & Holmes, P. (2013). Functional equivalence or behavioural matching? A critical reflection on 15 years of research using the PETTLEP model of motor imagery. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(1), 105\u2013121. 10.1080\/1750984X.2012.724437"},{"issue":"7","key":"r38","series-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1183805","article-title":"Spatial characteristics of professional tennis serves with implications for serving aces: A machine learning approach","volume":"35","author":"Whiteside, D.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Whiteside, D., & Reid, M. (2016). Spatial characteristics of professional tennis serves with implications for serving aces: A machine learning approach. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(7), 648\u2013654. 10.1080\/02640414.2016.1183805"},{"issue":"1","key":"r39","series-title":"Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.35.1.60","article-title":"Layered stimulus response training improves motor imagery ability and movement execution","volume":"35","author":"Williams, S.E.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Williams, S.E., Cooley, S.J., & Cumming, J. (2013). Layered stimulus response training improves motor imagery ability and movement execution. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35(1), 60\u201371. 10.1123\/jsep.35.1.60"},{"issue":"3","key":"r40","series-title":"International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2015.1025809","article-title":"Athlete imagery ability: A predictor of confidence and anxiety intensity and direction","volume":"14","author":"Williams, S.E.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Williams, S.E., & Cumming, J. (2016). Athlete imagery ability: A predictor of confidence and anxiety intensity and direction. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14(3), 268\u2013280. 10.1080\/1612197X.2015.1025809"},{"issue":"5","key":"r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.34.5.621","volume":"34","author":"Williams, S.E.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Williams, S.E., Cumming, J., Ntoumanis, N., Nordin-Bates, S.M., Ramsey, R., & Hall, C. (2012). Further validation and development of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(5), 621\u2013646. 10.1123\/jsep.34.5.621"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sport &amp; Exercise Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jsep\/48\/2\/article-p61.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jsep\/48\/2\/article-p61.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jsep\/48\/2\/article-p61.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T19:05:24Z","timestamp":1774638324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jsep\/48\/2\/article-p61.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsep.2025-0161","relation":{},"ISSN":["0895-2779","1543-2904"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0895-2779","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-2904","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}}}