{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:00:17Z","timestamp":1792130417757,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec sec-type=\"context\"><jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Elbow injuries are widely reported among baseball players. The elbow is susceptible to injury when elbow-flexor and -extensor forces are imbalanced during pitching or throwing. Assessment of muscle-strength ratios may prove useful for diagnosing elbow injury.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"objective\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the elbow-flexor and -extensor functional isokinetic ratios and elbow injury in baseball players.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"design\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"setting\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biomechanics laboratory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"participants\"><jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title><jats:p>College baseball players with (n = 9) and without (n = 12) self-reported elbow pain or loss of strength were recruited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"intervention and main outcome measures\"><jats:title>Intervention and Main Outcome Measures:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trials were conducted using a dynamometer to assess dominant-arm flexor and extensor concentric and eccentric strength at angular velocities of 60\u00b0 and 240\u00b0\/s. Functional isokinetic ratios were calculated and compared between groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Regression analysis revealed that a ratio of biceps concentric to triceps concentric strength greater than 0.76 (the median value) significantly predicted elbow injury (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .01, odds ratio of injury = 24). No other ratios or variables (including position played) were predictive of injury status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest that the ratio of biceps concentric to triceps concentric functional strength strongly predicts elbow-injury status in baseball players. Assessment of this ratio may prove useful in a practical setting for training purposes and both injury diagnosis and rehabilitation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.19.1.21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,10]],"date-time":"2016-08-10T12:27:12Z","timestamp":1470832032000},"page":"21-29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Functional Isokinetic Strength Ratios in Baseball Players With Injured Elbows"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yin-Chou","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-Tang","family":"Kung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang-Wei","family":"Chieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Wei","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-Charng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","container-title":["Journal of Sport Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jsr\/19\/1\/article-p21.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jsr\/19\/1\/article-p21.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T23:10:12Z","timestamp":1653001812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jsr\/19\/1\/article-p21.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsr.19.1.21","relation":{},"ISSN":["1056-6716","1543-3072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1056-6716","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-3072","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]}}}